Escape from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden, Research Paper

Break from Camp 14 by Blaine Harden, - Research Paper Example Shin and after a progression of cross examination decides a few errors in his record of the life and experience while in North Korea an element that depicts his failure to increase mental opportunity considerably in the wake of leaving the camp. His failure to pick up the mental opportunity is logical through the investigation of the Stockholm disorder, which helps plot a few factors that represent such responses as examined in the paper underneath. Judith Lewis in her book, Trauma and recuperation clarifies that kids conceived ins hopelessness grow up with the expectation that adulthood would introduce an opportunity from liberating the abusive adolescence. Be that as it may, the characters created at such youthful ages frequently don't allow the youngsters to accomplish their expectations of liberating their agonies since they become grown-ups with horde trust and personality issues. As clarified by the Freudian hypothesis of mental turn of events, adolescence is a major piece of human turn of events. The considerations individuals procure in their childhoods become portions of their character even in adulthoods. This clarifies the life of Mr. Shin who would have liked to turn out to be free in the wake of getting away from the jail camp in North Korea. Mr. Shin had horrendous way of life while in North Korea. He was conceived in the jail camp as a kid to two detainees allowed the chance to rest together after great work. He naturally turned into a detainee on the standards of being a child to detainees who had carried out wrongdoings against the state. Mr. Shin abandoned nourishment for a considerable length of time and endured different unfeeling treatment. He worked close by different detainees and saw individual kids and different prisoners kick the bucket from yearning, ailments and mishaps in the camp a lot to the vexation of the jail monitors. As a youngster, Mr. Shin trusted that life would better once he grew up. In any case, this could never be as he later encouraged the harsh homicide of his folks when he released their arrangement to run away to the specialists. Much subsequent to getting away from the nation, Mr. Shin had

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays

Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, Free Essays Washington Irving Washington Irving was the primary local American to prevail as an expert essayist. He remains significant as a pioneer in American cleverness and the improvement of the short story. Irving was extraordinarily respected and imitated in the nineteenth century. At the finish of his vocation, his notoriety declined due to the wistfulness and unnecessary culture of a lot of his work (Irving 479). Washington Irving's time spent in the Hudson Valley and abroad added to his composition of The Devil and Tom Walker, The Legend of Lethargic Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle. Irving was conceived in New York City on April 3, 1783, the most youthful of eleven kids in a dealer family. In contrast to his siblings, Irving didn't go to close by Columbia College, rather he was apprenticed in 1801 to a legal counselor. In 1806, he got through the bar assessment, however remained monetarily subject to his family until the distribution of The Sketch Book. Meanwhile, Irving did random temp jobs for the family as specialist and lobbyist. It appears as though he filled in as meager as could reasonably be expected, and for a considerable length of time sought after a novice or amateur enthusiasm for writing (Irving 479). In his available time, he read enthusiastically and meandered when he could in the hazy, moving Hudson River valley, a zone saturated with neighborhood old stories and legend that would fill in as a motivation for his later compositions. (Washington Irving Disk) At nineteen, Mr. Irving started composing sarcastic letters under the nom de plume Oldstyle. He kept in touch with a paper claimed by his sibling Peter, named the New York Morning Chronicle. His first book, Salmagundi, was a joint effort with another sibling, William and their companion James Kirke Paulding. This book ridiculed early New York theater and made jokes about the political, social, and social life of the city. Washington Irving's subsequent book, A History of New York, from the earliest starting point of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, is described by the imaginary Diedrich Knickerbocker. This book is a clever, purposely erroneous record of New York's Dutch colonization (Washington Irving Disk). Knickerbocker History and the right around thirty pieces of Irving's next widely praised book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., show that his foundations in New York and voyages abroad gave him the reason for these works. The energetic story of The Devil and Tom Walker is the narrative of Tom Walker, his disorderly spouse, also, their different encounters with the fallen angel. The New England people story is told with next to no expansion says Sara Rodes: Irving could have heard this story in New York just as in new England, for the general picture of the sharp Yankee spoke to by Tom Walker fitted well into the New Yorkers' concept of the new England character. Irving additionally utilizes the people custom as a base for his own imaginings instead of keeping near the people variants for the entire story. In any case, he generally keeps a significant part of the genuine society soul in his accounts regardless of the amount he may include and romanticize. He regularly wipes out the unpleasantness of the society form yet his old stories is genuine and his utilization of it authentic. (248) In this society story we see again that Mr. Irving has utilized his experience to fundamentally retell a story that he might have heard as a youngster. Additionally in, The Devil and Tom Walker, which, in spite of its fiercely far-fetched plot, foretells the best of Hawthornes' anecdotal introduction of Yankee quickness and Puritan affectation (Ferguson 391). The Sketch Book, likewise contains the exemplary story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. This is the story of Ichabod Crane, which is from Hebrew signifying shameful, or truly, without respect (Bone 4). Ichabod's experience with the Headless Horseman is the emotional peak of the story. In the folktale of German beginning Irving has by and by transplanted the story to take puts in the Hudson Valley of New York and accomplished something more than the standard story of tension or the unusual tale (Irving 480). His portrayals of Sleepy Hollow and the individuals were so reasonable and friendly that old clocks of the lower Hudson River professed to have known Brom Bones himself (Rodes 248). . . . Irving is completely competent of making unadulterated fiction structure

How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph

How to Write a Good Conclusion Paragraph As novelist Colm Toibin said, “Ending a novel is almost like putting a child to sleep â€" it can’t be done abruptly.” Thus it is important to add a smooth note in the end of your writing, leaving your reader with an interesting thought and, more importantly, keep them engaged till the very end of your essay. The conclusion is the final part of your essay, but yet important and vital part of it. It ties everything together and presents your essay as a polished, complete one. There are several techniques on writing the conclusion for an essay: brainstorming your conclusion avoiding common mistakes and pitfalls in writing the conclusion for an essay making your conclusion as effective as possible. To start from the beginning, let’s figure out what the conclusion paragraph for an essay means. Essay conclusion The conclusion for essay should make it clear to the reader what the overall message and argument is that you want them to take away. It should end in a way that is thought provoking, and looks to the future. There are few possible ways that could finish your essay depending on the tone you used in your writing: If the overall tone of your essay is sad, you could conclude on a hopeful note. If you want to close on a more somber note, you could also close with a comment that leaves this impression to the readers. There are a lot of different kinds of essays, so your conclusion is going to vary between each category. Before writing your conclusion, read over the rest of your paper and give it a fresh look. Put yourself in the reader’s shoes and try to imagine any questions you might have left unanswered and simply provide with the answers. How to write a conclusion for an essay The conclusion in an essay should be formatted like an upside-down introductionâ€"from the most specific to the most general. Therefore, the first sentence of your conclusion paragraph should describe the main points of your paper. Start with a proposal that will interest the reader. The topic of the essay is of interest to you, because you are the author of this work, but the reader will not necessarily treat her the same way. Usually readers are very selective about what they are willing to pay attention to, and to what not. If the first paragraph does not impress them, they will not read any further, so its very important to start an essay with a sentence that immediately grabs the attention of the reader. If this sentence is logically linked to the rest of the text, there will not be anything wrong with using it as a bait. Try to start with a curious and not very well-known fact or statistics. You can also start with a stunning description or picture stated previously, if it is appropriate to do in your composition. If an assignment is indented to present someones opinion, then it should be mentioned respectively. If the task is called to present reasons of the issue or situation happened followed by solutions on how to solve it, then both need to be mentioned in the introduction. The conclusion paragraphs serve to summarize the whole writing and continue bringing readers eyes to the very last word of the essay. A good first sentence in conclusion part can grab the attention of the reader, but if you do not continue to summarize the thought, the reader will give up reading in the middle and this is not what you are up to. After the first sentence stated in the conclusion paragraph, one or two sentences should follow later. Those sentences should logically link the first sentence stated in the introduction part with the main text previously presented. In the end of your writing, tell the reader what your composition was about. As a rule, the conclusion part used by the author of the essay pursues a certain goal. This is the final place where the author can make the reader change his mind on some question. The writer can also use the technique of convincing the reader to do something for a reason, or, the author might want to shed some light on something that was unspoken or misunderstood. Another good practice that writers use is intended to make the reader think, leaving some special aftertaste on the writing. Whatever the intention of the writer, in the conclusion he must explain to the reader what the purpose of this essay was. All in all you need to remember to be concise and clear; you should be able to summarize each main point in a simple phrase that avoids restating each detail related to the point you presented above. Our suggestion is to list off the points as a reminder to your audience about what they’ve just read. Keeping in mind that every basic conclusion has several key elements, elaborate on them by giving an example for each point, one sentence each- be short while summarizing the essay. While writing a college essay conclusion, another good advice can be to look for the examples of essay’s conclusions in the internet. This will help you in getting a better understanding of how to do it properly. And it will allow you to learn actually by looking at some other conclusions examples. Such approach often works best and guide you to the idea of essay conclusion paragraph writing better. If you are still unsure about your conclusion or any other part of your essay, what you can do here is to try searching for professional services to point you in the right direction.

The Forces Of Logistics, Personnel Services, And Health...

Sustainment is defined by the Army as â€Å"the provision of logistics, personnel services, and health service support necessary to maintain operations until successful mission completion.† The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines sustain as â€Å"to provide what is needed for (something or someone) to exist, continue, etc.; to give support or relief to.† While pondering these definitions, I was led to review the Army Mission as stated in Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 1. It states â€Å"The mission of the United States Army is to fight and win the Nation’s wars through prompt and sustained land combat, as part of the joint force.† There’s the word sustain(ed) again. The Army Mission goes on to say â€Å"We do this by – organizing, equipping, and training Army†¦show more content†¦One can only â€Å"self-sustain† for so long before requiring support from outside of oneself. This is where sustainment comes in. How do you know what you need? How do you get it? How does it get to you? Am I getting paid what I’m entitled? Will I get mail? Will there be hot chow? Am I going to be able to fill my canteen when it’s empty? These questions shouldn’t be the concern of the Soldier taking the fight to the enemy. His (or her) focus should be on their mission; fighting and winning. This is where our sustainers come in. They are our logisticians, maintainers, transporters, support, personnel, administration, finance, mail clerks, medics, and the list goes on. We in aviation play a significant role in sustainment. We have the unique roles of producer and consumer of sustainment. In the utility/cargo community, our aircraft are often used in support of sustainment operations to move equipment, parts, supplies, personnel, mail, etc. Our Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC) aircraft have a sustainment function as their primary role. Aviation is a combat multiplier, this is how we fill the role of a producer. On the flip side, we are one of the major consumers of sustainment operations. It goes without saying that we consume all of the basics of a typical organization, this is not what I’m referring to. I’m referring specifically to flying hours, maintenance, fuel, and ammunition. In a Combat Aviation Brigade, we have an entire Aviation Support

Modern Liberalism and Political Policies - 1337 Words

Modern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalism is the philosophical standpoint for an increase in social progress. Jean Jacques Rousseau provides a compelling account of modern era liberalism through his advocation because of his notions on good government, his social contract, and†¦show more content†¦Man will be unable to become corrupt and will live his life in ignorance. Social Contract A social contract is an agreement, whether implicitly or explicit that defines the legitimacy, or lack thereof, of the authority of the state over it’s subjects. Thomas Hobbes’ state is one that is filled with constant fear. Fear of their enemies and those who will betray them. Through a social contract, individuals of the state are able to establish a civil society and achieve security for the purpose of self-preservation. The social contract is a surrender of an individuals rights and freedoms, but he must be willing to, for â€Å"when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things† (LEVIATHAN 16). John Locke’s social contract differs from Thomas Hobbes’ social contract in the manner that Locke views human nature as peaceful, with no corruptive temptations. There was no constant fear. A key component to the establishment of a social contract in L ocke’s state was for the protection of property from those who are feared. Individuals of the state surrendered the right to enforce the law of nature while preserving and maintaining order. For Jean Jacques Rousseau, the state of nature is good. Rousseau believes that individuals are better off in a state of nature than in a state with an establishmentShow MoreRelatedNeo Liberalism And Its Impact On Society1414 Words   |  6 Pagesproactive welfare state. The concept of neo liberalism basically revived from liberalism. By this it can be suggested that liberalism was absent from politics in order to emerge in a new form. Neo liberalism is not basically a distinct ideology and a not proper form of liberalism. It shares only some of the historic views with liberalism which would be general. Another concept which is introduced is economic liberalism. It is defined as that the states do not intervene inRead MoreSocialism vs Liberalism617 Words   |  3 PagesThe terms ‘socialism’ and liberalism’ are used a lot nowadays, and many people often mistake one for the other. In order to differentiate between these two terms, one must keep in mind the clear-cut differences by defining the prevailing ideology of each term. The tenets of socialism assert that the state should wield total economic power by manipulating prices of goods and wages of workers. Furthermore, socialism requires people to submit to the rule of law. In return for their compliance, citizensRead MoreLiberalism Is The Root Of Our American Soil Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesin my opinion, liberalism should be guiding our thinking when it comes to our economic ways, and political rights; liberalism is the root of our American soil. Many people believe that steering away from liberalism is the right way to create change, and build upon our freedoms, but by returning to what our country was built upon, we can continue the aim of a free, fair and prosperous society. This paper will guide you through the two main phases of liberalism: classical and modern; their manifestations;Read More Modern Political Thoery and Liberalism Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesModern Political Thoery and Liberalism The subject given for this paper was to â€Å"assess the alienation from liberalism found in modern and contemporary political theory.† To be honest, I don’t see a correlation with alienating liberalism and modern political thought through the time line of political theory in the 18th and19th century and through the 20th century. So, for this paper, I will prove the opposite. I will show, in my opinion, how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporaryRead MoreThe Intellectual Tradition Of Political Economy1692 Words   |  7 PagesCourse Date Intellectual Traditions in Political Economy i) In what significant ways does modern liberalism break from classical liberalism s conceptualization of the market? In your answer, be sure to focus on the principles of classical and modern liberalism, as well as key 20th-century intellectual developments in each tradition. The definitional conceptualization of the five premises of political economy underscores the differences classical and modern liberalism. These premises include human natureRead MoreIdeals of Liberalism Expressed in President Obamas Speeches 1470 Words   |  6 Pagespressing domestic and international policies. What both these speeches hold in common, is the logic behind the liberalism tradition of international relations. The foundations of the President’s speeches are set in the ideals of liberalism from which rise three strands of modern liberal thinking: economic, social, and political. â€Å"Liberalism is a distinct ideology and set of institutions that has shaped the perceptions of and capacities for foreign relations of political society that range from socialRead MoreClassical Liberalism Vs. Modern Liberalism Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressive ideology that humanity has struggled long and arduously to fully achieve. (PP classical liberalism) According to the Bond textbook, â€Å"Ideology is a consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the appropriate role of government in society.† (Textbook, page 22) The movement that spanned during the creation of the United States was called classical liberalism. What is liberalism? Classical Liberalism could be defined as a movement during the eighteenth maybe nineteenth century that was focusedRead MoreHow Liberism has Evolved During the 20th Century980 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, liberalism has been one of the sources of political progress in the West. Liberalism is a philosophy based on id eas of liberty and quality. Liberalism is hard to define due to the term being used to describe ideas, parties, movements and practices in different societies and different historical periods. The core values of liberalism are individualism, rationalism, freedom, justice and toleration . Liberalism is one of the most powerful ideologies shaping Western Politics. Early Liberalism showedRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On International Relations Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Liberalism is more of a dominant philosophy in modern world more concentrating to European and American political system. Liberalism have many variations and many proposal for state. In this essay I will try to discourse different views towards liberalism is viewed. This essay views liberalism in more surficial manner but will try to touch the essential values and norms regarding liberalism. Liberalism is based on human experience and habit absorbed from society. So in same manner in thisRead MoreDemocrats and Republicans: Is There a Difference? Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pageswelfare. What exactly is liberalism? According to Sidlow (2013), liberalism is the belief that big government is necessary for the promotion of the common good (p.16). Without government action, many social and economic outcomes for many people would turn out badly. In other words, without government intervention, many children of poor individuals would never have access to health care in the first few critical years of life and may not get enough food to eat. Liberalism is the belief that social

Chichen Itza Free Essays

Chichen Itza (pronounced /tÊÆ'iË Ã‹Ë†tÊÆ'É›n iË Ã‹Ë†tsÉ‘Ë /;[1] from Yucatec Maya: Chi’ch’à ¨en ÃÅ'itsha’,[2] â€Å"at the mouth of the well of the Itza†) is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site built by the Maya civilization located in the northern center of the Yucatà ¡n Peninsula, in the Yucatà ¡n state, present-day Mexico. Chichen Itza was a major focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classicthrough the Terminal Classic and into the early portion of the Early Postclassic period. The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, from what is called â€Å"Mexicanized† and reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico to the Puuc style found among the Puuc Maya of the northern lowlands. We will write a custom essay sample on Chichen Itza or any similar topic only for you Order Now The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion. The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal property, and the site’s stewardship is maintained by Mexico’s Instituto Nacional de Antropologà ­a e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History, INAH). The land under the monuments had been privately-owned until March 29, 2010, when it was purchased by the state of Yucatan.[3] he Maya name â€Å"Chich’en Itza† means â€Å"At the mouth of the well of the Itza.† This derives fromchi’, meaning â€Å"mouth† or â€Å"edge†, and ch’e’en, meaning â€Å"well.† Itzà ¡ is the name of an ethnic-lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. The name is believed to derive from the Maya itz, meaning â€Å"magic,† and (h)à ¡, meaning â€Å"water.† Itzà ¡ in Spanish is often translated as â€Å"Brujas del Agua (Witches of Water)† but a moNorthern Yucatà ¡n is arid, and the rivers in the interior all run underground. There are two large, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen, making it attractive for settlement. Of the two cenotes, the â€Å"Cenote Sagrado† or Sacred Cenote(also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice), is the most famous. According to post-Conquest sources (Maya and Spanish), pre-Columbian Maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the Maya rain god Chaac. Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade,pottery, and incense, as well as human remains.[7] A recent study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.[8] How to cite Chichen Itza, Essay examples

Describe What Your Role free essay sample

Unit 1: Preparing to teach in the Life long learning sector Question 1: Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/training cycle. It would be my responsibility as the teacher to carry out initial assessment before the students are excepted on to the course, to make sure the student have the knowledge and the previous experience needed to cope with the course. Also this would be the time when the I (teacher) would find out if the student has any learning difficulties or disabilities. In order for a class or course to be successful there is extensive planning involved, a scheme of work will be written as an overview of what will be covered over the length of the course or term. A lesson plan will be complete with a detailed lay out of the objectives, teaching and learning activities, the type of assessment methods that will be used and the recourses that will be needed throughout the lesson. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe What Your Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After planning a lesson the next step will be to deliver the lesson. It is important that the appropriate methods or mixture of methods are used to successfully assist the progress of learning. Learning activities will encourage creativity and enthusiasm and promote independent learning. Example learning activities would be games, essays, group work or case studies. Ice Breakers are a effective way of starting a lesson they help people get to know each other help the students to relax. They also break down the barriers, encourage teamwork and establish trust within the class. When delivering a lesson it is important that the students are aware of their limits this is why it is essential that ground rules be put in place. I also believe that rules and expectations form the foundations for effective learners. It is vital to everyone’s progression that they feel safe and able to express themselves. It is also my responsibility to assess the students Ann Gravells states that â€Å"Assessment is a way of finding out if learning has taken place†. When taking a class of students through a course or qualification there are different types of assessments that will take place. In fitness students are assessed throughout the course both formatively and summatively until competence is proved. Assessment methods need to be valid. As the teacher I will must select the most appropriate assessment method for what is to be assessed. Some of the methods used during a NVQ in Fitness would be, multiple choice, Oral questioning, direct observation and assignments. After each lesson I must carry out a self evaluation, thinking about how the lesson went, what was good and why, and also what they could improve on or change for next time. When teaching a longer subject for example NVQ in Fitness it is also important to get feedback from the students on how they think the course is going, are you meeting the needs of the students and to find out any areas they feel may need to be covered in more detail. This could be done by giving the students a questionnaire part way though the course and at the end. Teachers also have to be available to offer support and guidance to their student to help their learning and development on the course. If a student comes to myself or another teacher for support or a particular individuals needs have been identified during a lesson, it is the teachers responsibility to decide and effective way to help the student. It may be that the student needs a one to one tutorial or it could be that you have to refer then to a support service that the college or learning institution offers. Sometimes there are issues that both myself or other teachers are unable to deal with but are able to referee students to external agencies to better support the students for example: Charities such as the RNIB, the Dyslexia Association and Mencap who will provide practical advice and guidance to the college. Reference: Gravells. A, (2008) Preparing to Teach in the Life Long Learning Sector, Exeter, Learning matters Ltd.

A Collection of the Best Thanksgiving Quotes

A Collection of the Best Thanksgiving Quotes Ah, the cherished holiday of Thanksgiving. There are no gifts to buy ahead of time, except maybe a nice bottle of wine or bouquet of flowers for the hosts on your way to your family celebration. You just gather, eat your favorite dishes that remind you of Grandma, enjoy each others company for the day, and then take leftovers home. Then as you heat them up in the microwave the next day (or in the middle of the night after heading out for doorbuster deals with your besties, also a tradition), you are thankful again. To prep for your celebration or as a reflection on the day and its meaning before shopping season overtakes us all, here are several lists of famous humorous and inspirational sayings about being grateful and humorous quips about this, the tastiest of holidays. As William Shakespeare wrote, Small cheer and great welcome makes a merry feast. On God and Heaven G.A. Johnston Ross If I have enjoyed the hospitality of the Host of this universe, Who daily spreads a table in my sight, surely I cannot do less than acknowledge my dependence. Jeremy Taylor God is pleased with no music from below so much as with the thanksgiving songs of relieved widows and supported orphans; of rejoicing, comforted, and thankful persons. Robert Casper Lintner Thanksgiving is nothing if not a glad and reverent lifting of the heart to God in honor and praise for His goodness. Izaak Walton God has two dwellings; one in heaven, and the other in a meek and thankful heart. John Baillie The very fact that a man is thankful implies someone to be thankful to. Johannes A. Gaertner To speak gratitude is courteous and pleasant, to enact gratitude is generous and noble, but to live gratitude is to touch Heaven. Garrison Keillor Thank you, God, for this good life and forgive us if we do not love it enough. On Gratitude and Giving Thanks Frank A. Clark If a fellow isnt thankful for what hes got, he isnt likely to be thankful for what hes going to get. Konrad von Gesner Best of all is it to preserve everything in a pure, still heart, and let there be for every pulse a  thanksgiving, and for every breath a song. Brother David Steindl-Rast Love wholeheartedly, be surprised,  give thanks  and praise†¦then you will discover the fullness of your life. Estonian Proverb Who does not thank for little will not thank for much. Melody Beattie   Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow. W.J. Cameron   Thanksgiving, after all, is a word of action. Gerald Good If you want to turn your life around, try thankfulness. It will change your life mightily. Eugene Cloutier To know the value of generosity, it is necessary to have suffered from the cold indifference of others. Willie Nelson   When I started counting my blessings, my whole life turned around. William Ward   Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it. Charles E. Jefferson Gratitude is born in hearts that take time to count up past mercies. Donald Curtis   It is impossible to be negative while we are giving thanks. E.J. Conrad One distinguishing mark of an unregenerate man is ingratitude. Henry Clay Courtesies of a small and trivial character are the ones which strike deepest in the grateful and appreciating heart. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe If we meet someone who owes us thanks, we right away remember that. But how often do we meet someone to whom we owe thanks without remembering that? W.T. Purkiser Not what we say about our blessings, but how we use them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving. Charles Spurgeon Before you go out into the world, wash your face in the clear crystal of praise. Bury each yesterday in the fine linen and spices of thankfulness. Elbert Hubbard I would rather be able to appreciate things I cannot have than to have things I am not able to appreciate. Seneca Nothing is more honorable than a grateful heart. Phillips Brooks Stand up, on this Thanksgiving Day, stand upon your feet. Believe in man. Soberly and with clear eyes, believe in your own time and place. There is not, and there never has been a better time, or a better place to live in. E.P. Powell Thanksgiving Day is a jewel, to set in the hearts of honest men; but be careful that you do not take the day, and leave out the gratitude. Victor Hugo To give thanks in solitude is enough. Thanksgiving has wings and goes where it must go. Your prayer knows much more about it than you do. Frederick Keonig We tend to forget that happiness doesnt come as a result of getting something we dont have, but rather of recognizing and appreciating what we do have. Albert Pine What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal. Charles Haddon Spurgeon You say, If I had a little more, I should be very satisfied. You make a mistake. If you are not content with what you have, you would not be satisfied if it were doubled. On Food and Humor Margaret Junkin Preston But see, in our open clearings, how golden the melons lie; Enrich them with sweets and spices, and give us the pumpkin pie! Irv Kupcine An optimist is a person who starts a new diet on Thanksgiving Day. Arnold Schwarzenegger I love Thanksgiving turkey...its the only time in Los Angeles that you see natural breasts. Kevin James Thanksgiving, man! Not a good day to be my pants. Erma Bombeck Thanksgiving dinners take 18 hours to prepare. They are consumed in 12 minutes. Half-times take 12 minutes. This is not a coincidence. Rita Rudner My mother is such a lousy cook that  Thanksgiving  at her house is a time of sorrow. Jon Stewart I celebrated Thanksgiving the old-fashioned way. I invited everyone in my neighborhood to my house, we had an enormous feast, and then I killed them and took their land. History Samuel Adams, First Official Thanksgiving Proclamation It is therefore recommended...to set apart Thursday the 18th day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise, that with one heart and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor. H.U. Westermayer The Pilgrims made seven times more graves than huts. No Americans have been more impoverished than these who, nevertheless, set aside a day of thanksgiving. Alexander Pope Our rural ancestors, with little blest, Patient of  labour  when the end was rest, Indulged the day that housed their annual grain, With feasts, and  offrings, and a thankful strain. Ellen Orleans I have strong doubts that the first Thanksgiving even remotely resembled the history I was told in second grade. But considering that [when it comes to holidays] mainstream Americas traditions tend to be overeating, shopping, or getting drunk, I suppose its a miracle that the concept of giving thanks even surfaces at all.

Spanish Punctuation Rules for Beginners

Spanish Punctuation Rules for Beginners Spanish and English are similar enough in their punctuation that a beginner might look at something in Spanish and not notice anything unusual except for a few upside-down question marks or exclamation points. However, there are a few differences, some of them subtle, in the way the two languages are punctuated. Questions and Exclamations As already mentioned, the most common difference is the use of inverted question marks and exclamation points, a feature that is almost unique to Spanish. (Galician, a minority language of Spain and Portugal, also uses them.) The inverted punctuation is used at the beginning of questions and exclamations. They should be used within a sentence if only part of the sentence contains the question or exclamation.  ¡Quà © sorpresa! (What a surprise!) ¿Quieres ir? (Do you want to go?)Vas al supermercado,  ¿no? (Youre going to the supermarket, arent you?)No va  ¡maldito sea! (Hes not going, darn it!) Dialogue Dashes Another difference youre likely to see often is the use of a dash - such as the ones separating this clause from the rest of the sentence - to indicate the beginning of dialogue. The dash is also used to end dialogue within a paragraph or to indicate a change in speaker, although none is needed at the end of dialogue if the end comes at the end of a paragraph. It isnt necessary to start a new paragraph with a change in speaker as is customary in English. These dashes are used by many writers instead of quotation marks, although the use of quotation marks isnt uncommon. Less common still is the use of angular quotation marks, which find more use in Spain than Latin America. -  ¿Vas al supermercado?- le preguntà ³. - No sà ©. (Are you going to the store? he asked her.  ¶I dont know.) Punctuation Within Numbers A third difference youll see in writing from Spanish-speaking countries is that comma and period usage in numbers is reversed from what it is in English; in other words, Spanish uses a decimal comma. For example, 12,345.67 in English becomes 12.345,67 in Spanish, and $89.10 becomes $89,10. Publications in Mexico and Puerto Rico, however, generally use the same number style as is used in the United States. Other less common or less significant differences in punctuation between Spanish and English are detailed in a more advanced lesson on punctuation.

Information Management and Knowledge Management Essay

Information Management and Knowledge Management - Essay Example According to the discussion in order to evaluate the importance of information flow and knowledge management both the concepts should be properly understood and analysed. According to Duan, Nie and Coakes, knowledge management concept is a further modelling of the information management which focuses on developing the database system of a firm whereas information management processes are used to ensure that the right person is having the right information. On the other hand, BegonaLloria stated that use of knowledge and information management practices are used in a correlated manner. It has been observed in case of Danone who use their customised Networking Attitude for sharing of information among their employee base and also measure the accuracy of the information.  This paper declares that  in the 21st century, the operational process of Danone experienced many changes that were focused on enhancing diversity and also improve their knowledge management process. The introducti on of Riboud as the CEO of Danone was such a step which enabled the company to maintain communication with the local markets and gather relevant information regarding the market conditions. Riboud’s belief was that having a proper information network through the operational channels will help the organisation in designing an accurate business measures. The company introduced the Growth Program in the year 2003 which would allow them to align their knowledge management activities with the growth of the organisation.  

Financial Strategy and planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Strategy and planning - Essay Example The decision to purchase or not to purchase rights shares ultimately rest upon the company's performance like an ordinary issue purchase decision. The likely impact of rights issue upon the market value of share, earnings per share and wealth of shareholders depend on the future prospectus of the issuing company. However, unless the company performs better, it is undisputedly say that nothing will gain by the shareholders out of rights issue. This type of financing is preferred when the company needs to fianc its expansion needs and at the same time it does not like to dilute its ownership. Unlike ordinary shares, this type of shares does not offer voting rights to the holders. Therefore, preference shareholders do not have any voice or say in the company's management. Therefore, it does not result in the dilution of ownership of ordinary shareholders. However, preference share holders are entitled to a fixed periodical dividend and the repayment of principal after a stipulated period of time. This may result in a situation where the company will be left with low distributable profit and thereby reduced earnings per share. This may ultimately lead to adversely affect the market value of ordinary shares. Loan stock is a kind of fixed income security. Loan stock is issued by a company against the loan granted by another. The holder gets fixed periodical return coined as interest and principal after the maturity period. Loans stock may be of two types, namely secured and unsecured. The secured loan stock is similar to an ordinary loan for which the borrower offers collateral to guarantee the repayment of the loan. But an unsecured loan does not have any kind of collateral with it. A secured loan stock, when an entity is issued is like debenture/bonds. The issue of loan

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay Objective Aim Scope of the assignment The objective of this assessment is to model and analyse modulation and coding in Communication Systems using Matlab.[1] This lab exercise aims to teach (show) modulation demodulation techniques like QAM 64 over AWGN wireless channel throw Matlabs Communication toolbox. In task 1, simulation and analysis of modulation and demodulation (using the 64-QAM) is been perform. By use of Matlabs high performance language, a designed code is been given in each task. Transmitted and received signals are been show in scatter plots at different SNR values. Simulation of the rectangular pulse shaping filter in combination with modulation is been introduced in the second part. The effect of rectangular pulse shaping is been used at the transmitter side after the QAM-64 modulation. Integrate and dump operation effect is been used at the receiver side. A full analysis of these two effects is been given below. In both tasks, the transmission is being over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel. Comparison, analysis and a discussion of the results is been given below each task. Introduction on general modulation/demodulation and 64-QAM AWGN channel, noise and rectangular pulse shaping Modulation Demodulation Modem In the area of telecommunications, modulation is the process of changing a periodic waveform (i.e. a tone), in order to use that signal to transfer a message. Normally the carrier signal (usually is a sinusoidal) has higher frequency than the input signal. Amplitude, phase and frequency are the three key parameters of a sine wave. These parameters can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal. Amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation are the most common analog modulation techniques. Radio and television broadcast stations typically use AM or FM. More complex forms of modulation are Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which are the three basic digital modulation techniques. A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator. A modulator converts a digital signal to an analog signal (typically a sinusoidal signal) and a demodulator converts a modulated (analog) signal back to the original unmodulated (digital) signal.[2] A few years ago a computer was connected to the internet through a modem (in now days a different type is being used, ADSL modem/router) over a regular analog line. A modem converts an outgoing digital signal to an outgoing modulated signal, and converts an incoming modulated signal to an incoming digital signal.[2] Modulation is used to change the signals bandwidth so it can be transmitted on a limited-bandwidth communication channel (like a telephone line or a cable TV channel) without too much distortion.[2] It also allows more connected users on the same communication link. Digital modulation Digital modulation schemes transform digital signals into waveforms that are compatible with the nature of the communications channel. There are two major categories of digital modulation. One category uses a constant amplitude carrier and the other carries the information in phase or frequency variations (FSK, PSK). The other category conveys the information in carrier amplitude variations and is known as amplitude shift keying (ASK). In digital communications, modulation is often expressed in terms of I and Q. This is a rectangular representation of the polar diagram. On a polar diagram, the I axis lies on the zero degree phase reference, and the Q axis is rotated by 90 degrees. The signal vectors projection onto the I axis is its I component and the projection onto the Q axis is its Q component.[5] Figure 1 I-Q format [5] Figure 2 Trends in the industry [5] Main Digital Modulation Schemes Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Amplitude shift keying represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. There is an on/off transmission that represents the binary logic 1/0. ASK has poor performance cause is heavily affected by noise and interference. For binary digital modulation, BASK is the simpler form of ASK. Figure 3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [3] Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) The carriers frequency is modulated by the digital signal. 1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency.[4] That means that is a different frequency for 1 and another frequency for 0. FSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple frequencies as different states.[3] For binary digital modulation BFSK is the simpler form of FSK. Figure 4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) [3] Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. Phases are separated by 180o. Phase modulation can be achieved simply by defining a relative phase shift from the carrier, usually equi-distant for each required state. Therefore a two level phase modulated system, such as Binary Phase Shift Keying, has two relative phase shifts from the carrier, + or 90o. Phase modulation requires coherent generation and as such if an IQ modulation technique is employed this filtering can be performed at baseband. [6] Figure 5 Phases separated by 180o on BPSK [4] Figure 6 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) [3] Multi-Symbol Signalling M-ary Signals Multiple-symbol signaling is the process where multiple levels are used to encode binary information into groups of two bite, four bits, etc. [8] Figure 7 M-ary signals [3] Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol (in the above figure M=4). These modulation schemes are often refered to as linear, as they require linear amplification. 16-QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise. M-ary schemes are more bandwidth efficient, but more susceptible to noise. [3] Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation (QPSK) Quadrauture Phase Shift Keying is a form of PSK. QPSK is a system of modulating digital signals onto a radio-frequency carrier signal using four phase states to code two digital bits. QPSK is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent out of band suppression. Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus requiring linear amplification. [3] Figure 8 QPSK [4] Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying. It is a modulation scheme-technique which conveys data by modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves. That is an amplitude modulation on both quadrature carriers. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90Â ° and are that is why they called quadrature carriers. QAM has extensive use in digital microwave radio links. The 16-QAM below stands for 2n discrete levelsÆ’Â   n=2 same as in the above QPSK. Figure 9 16-QAM Figure 10 16-QAM [7] Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Additive means that the sum of the transmitted signal and noise produce the received signal. White means that its two sided power spectral density is flat for all frequencies of interest for radio communication system. The amplitude of the noise is distributed according to a normal or Gaussian distribution. [8] Its information gives a single impairment. Noise pulse shaping and rectangular pulse shaping In digital telecommunications, pulse shaping can be used to change the waveform of transmitted pulses, so the signal bandwidth matches that of the communication channel, reducing distortion and intersymbol interference. In other words its purpose is to make the transmitted signal suit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an up-sampled signal. Rectangular pulse shaping can be a first step or an exploratory step in algorithm development, though it is less realistic than other kinds of pulse shaping. If the transmitter up-samples the modulated signal, then the receiver should down-sample the received signal before demodulating. The integrate and dump operation is one way to down-sample the received signal. [8] Demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an intergrate and dump-operation. Answers to assignments tasks Task 1 In this assignment you are required to design and implement the process of modulating a random binary data stream using 64-level QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), transmitting it over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel, and demodulating the received signal using the 64- QAM demodulator. Your system should consist of a baseband modulator, AWGN channel, and a demodulator. The following table indicates some relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. The functions for 64-QAM modulator/demodulator can be taken from the Matlab Communications Toolbox, or even implemented by you. Job Function Generate a random binary data stream randint Add white Gaussian noise awgn Create a scatter plot scatterplot Compute the systems BER biterr The length of the binary data stream (i.e., the number of the rows in the column vector) is set to 5000. Task 1.1 Write codes to 1) Display the transmitted and received signals in different scatter plots for the following two situations: a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 1.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,40,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=40dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 11 Transmitted signal Figure 12 Received signal 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,14,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=14dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 13 Transmitted signal Figure 14 Received signal 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 1.2 Compare/explain in detail the results obtained in a) and b), and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 1.2 In the above code, there is a bit to symbol mapping. A bit cant take values from 0-63 but a group of bits can. The two transmitted signals are identical cause both signals modulated with the same modulation schemes (64-QAM) and transmitted throw the same channel (Additive White Gaussian Noise wireless channel). Received signals have different scatter plot. This happens cause the first received signal was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=40dB and the other one was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=14dB. In the second scatter plot it is obvious that the channel is too noisy in accordance with the first scatter plot which seems that it hasnt got any clue of noise. For example, if a ADSL line has SNR lower than 15dB then several problems occurred like frequent disconnections etc. According to scatter plots the bit error rate and the number of errors for the first signal with SNR=40 was expected to be 0 cause the channel was clear from noise. On the contrary, for the second signal with SNR=14dB bit error rate and number of errors expected to be non zero. Both expectations verified. The ratio of the signal strength to the noise level is called the signal to- noise ratio (SNR), . If the SNR is high (ie. the signal power is much greater than the noise power) few errors will occur. However, as the SNR reduces, the noise may cause symbols to be demodulated incorrectly, and errors will occur. [3] Task 2 Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping, and demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an integrate-and-dump operation. In this task you are required to investigate the effect of rectangular pulse shaping by using it at the transmitter side after the 64-QAM modulation and also the effect of integrate-and-dump operation at the receiver side. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an upsampled signal. If the transmitter upsamples the modulated signal, then the receiver should downsample the received signal before demodulation. The integrate-and-dump operation is one way to downsample the received signal. The following table indicates the additional relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. Job Function Rectangular pulse shaping rectpulse Intergrate-and-dump downsampling Intdump Task 2.1 Write codes to 1) Display the received signals in scatter plots when a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 2.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,40,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=40dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 15 Received signal,SNR=40dB 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,14,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=14dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 16 Received signal,SNR=14dB 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 2.2 Compare/explain the results with those obtained in Task 1, and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 2.2 The difference between Task1 and Task 2 are the rectangular pulse shaping and integrate and dump operation. Rectangular pulse shape upsampling the signal after modulation. It actually applies a square pulse to the signal and repeats each symbol several times (in this case symbols are repeated 6 times). The dump operation is downsampling the signal. It is actually an integral of the signal for a single period. In this case, modulation followed by pulse shaping and demodulation preceded by integrate and dump operation. Since rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times then we expected our signals to be better than those in task1. This expectation came true since BER for SNR=40 dB is 0 and for SNR=14 dB is 0.0038. In the second case when SNR=14 dB it is obvious that BER and number of errors reduced dramatically. The filtering on the transmitter causes intersymbol interference. The filtering at the transmitter and the channel typically cause the received pulse sequence to suffer from interysmbol interference and this appear as an amorphous smeared signal, not quite ready for sampling and detection. When the channel bandwidth is much greater than the pulse bandwidth, the spreading of the pulse will be slight. When the channel bandwidth is close to the signal bandwidth, the spreading will exceed symbol duration and cause signal pulses to overlap. This overlapping is called intersymbol interference. [11] Rectangular pulse shaping was used to minimize distortion and the effect of intersymbol interference. It made the transmitted signal fit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. The BER and number of errors improvement succeeded because symbols were sent several times. In this case, filtering made the signal better. Without filtering, signals would have very fast transitions between states and therefore very wide frequency spectra much wider than is needed for the purpose of sending information. [5] Conclusions If the SRN value is high enough, the received signal is almost clear from noise. High SNR value stands for a value close to zero for Bit Error Rate. In the presence of noise and interference, it is necessary to increase signal power to reduce the possibility of errors. The bit error rate (BER) of a system indicates the quality of the link. Filtering is essential for good bandwidth efficiency. High level M-array schemes (such as 64-QAM) are very bandwidth-efficient but more susceptible to noise and require linear amplification. [3]

9 Tips for Public Speaking

I remember the very first time I have to give a public speech. That was an amazing experience because I’ve never have that feeling before in my entire life, it’s the feeling of fear, stress, worry, nervous all mixed up together. Especially the 10 minutes before the presentation, it was absolute heart irritating. Public speaking is a common source of stress for everyone. Many of us would like to avoid this problem entirely, but this is hard to do. Whether we work alone or with large numbers of people, eventually we will need to speak in public to get certain tasks accomplished. And if we want to be leaders or achieve anything meaningful in our lives, we will often need to speak to groups, large and small, to be successful. The truth about public speaking, however, is IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE STRESSFUL! If you correctly understand the hidden causes of public speaking stress, and if you keep just a few key principles in mind, speaking in public will soon become an invigorating and satisfying experience for you. Here’s My 9 Tips For Public Speaking : 1. Be organized and be prepared – When someone are giving a presentation about crap, you’ll know how much effort he put into the preparation of the presentation. This is the crucial step for a successful public speaking, organize and prepare all your material. For first timer you might want to write every single word out or you can highlight the important to helps remind you of the content. 2. Keep it simple – You do not want to create confusion in you presentation, so clarify everything by speaking straight to the point. 3.Practice your talk – Practice your speech in front of a full body size mirror. Take extra attention on your voice tone, body language and expression of your face. Make sure it is comfortable, natural and interesting. 4. Relax – Never, never, never get too nervous about public speaking. Try to think positive instead of worrying. Getting nervous may cause you to forget about your speech or making some mistakes on your presentation. 5. Arrive earlier – Make it early to the place where you are going to give the speech, clam down yourself, feel and get used to the atmosphere. . Never apologize for being nervous – This is the dumbest thing you can say in your presentation. The reason you are up there to give a speech is to have the audience listen to you, and to achieve that you must first gain their trust with your confidence. Saying that will only terminate all the attention because nobody wants to listen to newbie. 7. Be aware of your audiences – How do your audience respond to your presentation? Are they smiling when listening to you? Or maybe laughing? Or are they yawning?. You must be aware of this, if they are yawning or starting to lose the attention already, you might need a 5 minute break to awake them and then continue after that. 8. Answering Question – People might have some question about the topic of your presentation, ask questions at the end of your speech. Answer what is questioned, do not get off-topic. This is the time to gain more trust of your audience by showing your expertise.

Upper Lobectomy

Upper Lobectomy Krysten Miller Pennsylvania College of Technology ?IntroductionAn Upper Lobectomy is the removal of the superior lobe from a lung. This occurs when a neoplasm is confined to a specific area and hilar nodes are not involved. This procedure may be done to remove the spread of cancer, abnormal abscess, or infection within the lungs. The lungs are located below the clavicle and above the diaphragm. They consist of five lobes, both sets being separated by fissure. The right side has three lobes known as superior, middle, and inferior. While the left has superior and inferior. The left side only has two lobes because the anatomical position of the heart needs room to rest. Connected to the lungs are ancillary structures, such as, bronchus, pulmonary artery and vein, and lymphatic vessels. These structures enter at the hilum where the lungs are slightly concave. The surgical goal is to remove the neoplasm without harming other structures. Signs/Symptoms/Risks Generally, signs and symptoms may vary depending on the diagnosis. For example, signs and symptoms of TB are pain in chest, fatigue, fever/chills, or mucus and blood in saliva. Whereas signs and symptoms of cancer consist of a reoccurring respiratory infection, chest pain, weakness in the upper body, and trouble swallowing, change in bowel movement (American Cancer Society, 2018). In most cases signs and symptoms are very common and testing will need done for diagnosis. If these signs and symptoms are noticed a doctor should be consulted and a check-up be made. Diagnosis/Alternatives In addition, a neoplasm may be diagnosed through a Computerized Tomography (CT) or a Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI). During a CT scan small lesions may be identified, whereas, MRI may reveal a mass or nodule. If a spot occurs, a tissue biopsy may be done to identify what the mass or lesion may be. Another diagnosis is sputum cytology. During this assessment the sputum is looked under a microscope for cancer cells to be identified (Mayo Clinic, 2018). Once diagnosed alternative therapy may be assessed if surgery is too much to handle. These sources include radiation, chemotherapy, radiosurgery, and drug therapy. Overall, these alternatives use multiple drugs and or high—power of radiation to kill and reduce the neoplasm within the lungs. Alternative medication to help those with signs and symptoms involve acupuncture, hypnosis, massage, meditation, and yoga. These forms of medicine help relax the tissue and relieve pain within the area. When alternatives are not an option, and the aggression is too far surgery is the option. Surgery Set Up To begin, the set up contains a back table and mayo stand. The back table will consist of three sections: drapes, instruments, and sharps. Drapes will be towels and an adhesive back drape. Electrocautery and suction, as well as, other items that need access to the patient may be placed here as well. Instruments are then placed on the field. Two main trays will be placed along with a variety of other tools. A thoracotomy set will include useful instruments that aid in removal of a rib and exposure to repair the underneath organs. A general vascular set will also be available. This set includes additional cardiovascular instruments that may be useful if needed. In addition, various sizes of hemoclips are separate and kept for hold. Once instruments are placed, sharps and basins are then placed. In the top corner an emission basin and bowl are placed for fluids. Sponges in the form of kitners, laps, and 4Ãâ€"4 are placed on the field. A suture counter is then placed in the corner. This is filled with silk suture ties, polypropylene suture, and pledgets. A number 10, 11, and 15 knife blades are then loaded on a handle. Once the back table is complete with all needed instruments the mayo may be addressed. The common instruments include knife, tissue forceps, and metz and scissors to dissect to operative area. Hemostats, Kocher's and Allis's may be place to grab tissue and retract along with hemostasis. Multiple retractors and elevators may be used either sorted on the mayo or back table. Once the sterile field is prepped, the patient is retrieved and prepped. Patient Preparation Following set-up, the patient is brought into the room. They are transferred to the OR bed and position aids are placed. Antiembolitic hoses are placed on the legs to help with blood flow. Aesthesia may apply Swan-Ganz and CVP lines which allow direct contact to the heart (Goldman, 2008). Once general anesthesia is applied with endotracheal intubation, the patient is placed in lateral position with the surgical site up. During this time a catheter may be placed, as these procedures may be length if problems occur. Padded kidney rests or pillows are placed around the torso to stabilize. The unaffected arm is placed on an arm board while the other is rested above on a padded mayo. The lower leg is slightly bent with a pillow placed on top and the top leg laid flat, this is done to keep the patient from rotating. Pads are placed around the ankles and other bony areas for cushion. During this time, it is needed to be confirmed that blood has been ordered and available for this case. Prep/Draping Once the patient is positioned, prepping and draping of the surgical area may begin. When prepping cleansing for a posterolateral incision is made. Starting at the mid-thorax region, extending from the shoulder, to the iliac crest and down bilaterally. Within the prep the axilla region should be included as well. After the prep is dried, drapes may be placed. Folded towels are placed in a square around the incision site. Towel clips are placed at each inside corner to hold the towels together. An adhesive drape is then placed and unfolded across the patient to create the complete sterile field. Two suction tubes should be thrown up at this time along with any other cords that need to be thrown off. Surgery Following draping, a time out may occur and surgery begins. A posterolateral incision is made into the fourth intercostal space of the ribs with a #10 blade. Rib spreaders are placed to open the ribs and the pleura is cut. The anterosuperior portion of the hilar pleura is then incised and then separated making room to open the thorax. Once opened, the likelihood of the rib instruments being reused are slim and may be removed from the surgical field and onto back table (Frey & Ross, 2014). The upper and lower lobe fissure is opened, and dissection down to the pulmonary artery begins. During this time the surgical technologist should keep count of how much irrigation is used for the account of potential blood replacement. If sponges are to be weighed they must be fully saturated before throwing off. The second count may begin at this time. The pulmonary artery and vein branches are identified. Once identified they are separated. The surgical technologist should move quickly to access suture and assess double ligation of artery and vein. They are then divided. Blunt dissection is then used to free the upper lobe bronchus. It is either clamped with a bronchus clamp or a stapler. Sutures and stapler should be prepared prior to the step, bronchus is divided quickly. The clamp or stapler should be placed 2 cm form the main bronchial trunk (Frey & Ross, 2014). Entry to the bronchial tree changes wound class and results in contaminated instruments. At that time contaminated items shall be separated. The bronchus is then closed with a nonabsorbable suture or staples. Closely watching the surgeon and his assistance allows for anticipation at this time. A pleural flap is secured with sutures over the bronchial stump and the remaining lobes are checked for leakage of air. Leakages are checked by filling the thorax with body-temperature irrigation. The wound is irrigated and chest tubes of sort are placed in the thorax. The lines form the tubes must be hooked with a closed drainage unit and immediately turned on to prevent clotting. Final counts are made while tubes are placed. An injection of 0.25% Marcaine is made for postoperative pain control prior to closure. The fascia is closed with a 2-0 Vicryl and the skin is closed with staples. Dressing is a nonadherent contact layer, may vary depending on the doctor preference. The surgical technologist should not break scrub until the patient has left the operating room. Outcome Following surgery, the patient is then transported to the CCU. The endotracheal tube is still attached at this time to check for postop ventilation and proper breathing. The patient will stay in the hospital 7 to 10 days. If no complications they may leave and have a full recovery. Additional treatments may be essential such as chemotherapy and radiation. These treatments can help determine when normal activity can return. If complications occur hospitalization is longer. This may be a surgical site infection, hemorrhage, atelectasis, pneumothorax, embolus, edema, etc. During this time the patient will be monitored and possible emergency surgery may be done. If no complications occur during surgery this is a Class 1: clean procedure. Conclusion To conclude, an upper lobectomy is the surgical removal of a lobe caused by an abnormal growth or infection. It can be diagnosed through imaging or a tissue biopsy. Alternatives before surgery are a variety of drug therapy and active medicines. Once these are out of the question surgery is an option. The patient is then prepped and assessed for surgery. The lobe is removed and the patient is sent to recovery. They will then be hospitalized for 7 to 10 days and sent home if no other complications occur. ? ReferencesFrey, K. B., & Ross, T. (2014). Surgical technology for the surgical technologist: a positive care approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.Goldman, M. A. (2008). Pocket guide to the operating room. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.Lung WebMD. (2018). Cancer Symptoms: What You Should Know. Retrieved April 22, 2018, from https://www.webmd.com/lung-cancer/understanding-lung-cancer-symptomsAmerican Cancer Society. (2018). Managing Cancer-related Side Effects. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side- effects.html

The Randolph Caldecott Medal Current and Past Winners