The Daily Life Of A Slave - 964 Words

The daily life of a slave in North Carolina was incredibly difficult. Hard workers, especially those in the field, played from sunrise until sundown. Even small kids and the elderly were not exempt from these long work hours. Slaves were generally granted a day off on Sunday, and on infrequent holidays such as Christmas or the Fourth of July. During their few hours of gratuitous time, most slaves did their own personal study. The diet supplied by slaveholders was generally short, and slaves often supplemented it by tending small plots of land or fishing. Many slave owners did not provide enough clothing, and slave mothers often worked to clothe their families at night later on long days of toil. One visitor to colonial North Carolina wrote that slaveholders rarely gave their slaves meat or fish, and that he witnessed many slaves wearing only rags. Although there were exceptions, the prevailing attitude among slave owners was to allot their slaves the bare minimum of food and clothing; anything beyond that was up to the slaves to gain during their very limited time off from employment. The protection provided by slave owners was too stingy. Many slaves lived in small stick houses with dirt floors, not the log slave cabins often depicted in books and movies. These shelters had cracks in the walls that let in cold and wind, and had only thin coverings over the windowpanes. Again, slave owners supplied only the minimum required for survival; they were mainly concerned withShow MoreRelatedThe Nature, Beliefs, And Practices Of Religious Life Among Slaves1259 Words   |  6 PagesSlave Culture Topic: The nature, beliefs, and practices of religious life among slaves The practice of slavery in the United States is a topic that has been researched, written about, and continues to be a source of contention when discussed. Throughout history, slavery has been an obvious controversial subject, with the main question being whether it was needed or would be abolished. Slaves in America are typically defined as people who were treated as property rather than human beings, and slavesRead MoreSolomon Northup s Experience On The Lives Of Subordinates884 Words   |  4 PagesChained and confined in a damp, dirty slave quarter, fed enough to barely survive and comply the master’s orders, beaten and labored until their bodies just couldn’t take it anymore, the conditions that a typical slave would experience on a daily basis. When you hear these conditions being depicted, you’d instantaneously think of an animal that is being captivated. However, in this situation, slaves are often seen as livestock, sometimes even less than that. Slaves weren’t considered humans, even thoughRead MoreEssay African American Slavery1571 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper intends to discuss the daily life of African American slaves in the nineteenth century. The first Africans landed in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. By this time numerous accounts of slave life were published. The origins of slavery in the United States can be traced to colonial America where there was an abundance of agricultural land but not enough labor. In responding to that, this paper will also discuss, first, the importance slavery played on the econo mic and political development ofRead MoreThe Lifestyle of Slaves and How Difficult It Was Essay580 Words   |  3 PagesLife as a slave may perhaps be the worst kind of lifestyle a human could have. Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to American, the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. They were brought to help in the production of tobacco crops. The lifestyle of each slave deepened on the way the owner would treat them, lifestyle as a slave also varied all over the South for many different reasons. Slaves developed man developed their own celebrations, many of them religious.Read MoreComparison Of Depression In Platos Allegory Of The Cave1169 Words   |  5 Pagesthat go through challenging obstacles in their daily lives. Some of these obstacles may be little to almost no importance, but others may be very serious and challenging to overcome. They can take a toll on a persons health and overall their wellbeing. An obstacle that various people struggle with in life is depression. In many ways, Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is very similar to depression because the cave is relatively like someones home, the slaves relate to the people suffering from depressionRead MoreThroughout Some Slave Narratives, Slave Holders Who Are1131 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout some slave narratives, slave holders who are Christians are questioned. African- Americans notice the hypocrisy that characterized white Christianity, pointing out the contradiction between God s word and slaveholders cruelty and inhumane way of treating slaves. Slaves noticed this difference, modified their Christian beliefs to become a part of their daily life. Religion became an escape away from their reality. Christianity in African- American literature has different points thatRead MoreThe Saint Leo Core Value Of Excellence1563 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrated throughout many aspects of the Roman Empire, including daily life, society, and religion. Daily life in Rome depended greatly upon the individual’s economic status. Wealthy individuals lived in homes located on the hills outside of Rome in order to be away from the chaotic noise of city life and unpleasant odors. They also lived expensive lifestyles by owning fanciful furniture and being pampered by servants and slaves. Underprivileged Romans took up residence within the city and livedRead MoreSolomon Northup A Free Black Man912 Words   |  4 Pagesmoney from. In order to provide for his family a better life he is given offer to go to Washington with Hamilton and Brown to play his violin. His story talks about how he goes from a free man to a drugged and beaten down runway Georgia slave to 12 years working as a slave from one master to the next. The author in this story is telling us to abolish slavery based on his leading to a free man once again. This book shows a vivid picture about a life of a free black man succumbed to slavery. Solomon NorthupRead MoreA Rose For A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Life of a Slave Girl, tells the story of a slave girl named Linda Brent who fought many mental and physical battles throughout her life in order to oppose the system of slavery. This autobiography was written by Harriet Jacobs, known in the book as Linda Brent, and uses a multitude of psuedonyms in order to conceal the identity of those within the book. Harriet Jacobs had succeeded in putting forth a new, unconventional slave narrative that depicted the emotional and mental anguish slave womenRead MoreThe Roman Empire Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesJews, Africans, Spaniards, and more, Roman society was made up of few rich people, many poor people, and the slaves. Ironically enough, these muddled streets of chaos were held together by social class and order. What would a day in the Roman Empire be like? The answer to this question would be completely different coming from a knight than from a slave. Whilst comprehending what daily life might look like in the Ancient Roman Empire, it’s imperative to understand the foundation on which it was grounded

Protecting the Welfare of Nonhuman Animals - 1606 Words

‘Hominum causa omne ius constitutum: all law was established for man’s sake’. Endorsed by early Judaeo-Christian beliefs, holding that humans were created in God’s image having ‘dominion over all animals’. This statement remains true today, despite such assertions being undermined by scientific developments proving homo sapiens to simply be biological entities like any other organism. Such discoveries call into scrutiny the determination of rights on the basis of species and have lead to modern philosophers asserting the contention that animals should be included within the spectrum of rights. Regan, advocating a rights based approach, argues that rights should be afforded to all who possess consciousness, namely ‘mammals aged one year†¦show more content†¦For Singer sentience provides the ability for an interest, and an ability to have an interest is sufficient grounds to claim that a being has an interest, and each interest should be considered equally. It is for this reason that Singer’s approach differs from Regan’s. Regan argued that humans and nonhuman animals are ‘subjects of a life’ and as a result of this, it is the ‘inherent value of animals that matters’. Advocating a ‘respect principle’ where rights are conferred to all who possess consciousness, namely ‘mammals aged one year or more’ on the basis that they have inherent value deserving of respect. Although similar to Kant, Regan argues that there is no way to differentiate between humans and nonhuman animals without resorting to speciesism and to do so violates the respect principle as it facilitates the trading of animal rights in certain circumstances. Both Singer and Regan reject Kantian assertions that humans are special as they can fulfil what he termed ‘categorical imperative’, which is to only do what can be universalised, arguing that rationality, autonomy and the ability for verba l communication is not a justification for the maltreatment of animals. ToShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Animal Testing1726 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing: Is it necessary? People take medicine, and they wear makeup. Most people own one or two or maybe more pets. Some people love their pets as if they were their own children. Pets are loved and taken care of. They are rescued and adopted. But do people know that they are treated the opposite in a laboratory? It is estimated that every year, 26 million animals are used for scientific and commercial testing in the United States. There are many reasons animals are used for testing. SomeRead MoreShould Zoos Be Shut Down756 Words   |  4 PagesModern people are familiar with zoos because it is a place where most of people get the knowledge of wild animals and natural environment. With the upturn of living standard, zoo has become a necessary facility of a city. However, controversies about whether the zoo should be shut down or not have become more and more serious. The objective of this essay is to find a solution of this problem. Both the supportive and opposed opinions will be discussed and a conclusion will be given at the end of thisRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1077 Words   |  5 Pages Did you know that in the United States alone 26 million animals are used in testing each year? Did you know the Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) does not protect 95% of animals in experiments and testing and that over 97 thousand animals that experience pain are not given dru gs to ease the pain? That the United States and Gabon are the only two countries that allow testing on chimpanzees? Animal testing has been used worldwide and for many different matters, but does the use of it really help andRead MoreAnimal Rights Is Not Just A Philosophy Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal rights is the idea that all animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives. It’s important to have animal rights because it prevents animals from living horrible, tortured lives for human benefit and entertainment. They have feelings and emotions too, they should be treated as humanely as possible at all times, they are not on this earth for human benefit and usage. What Are Animal Rights? Animal rights is not just a philosophy, but a kind of social movementRead MoreA Comparison Of Advocates And Adversaries Of Animal Research1641 Words   |  7 Pages A Comparison of Advocates and Adversaries of Animal Research Tony Lee April 20, 2015 Dr. Baine Craft Abstract The belligerent perspectives of animal research hold strongly to different goals. Advocates hold the view that animal research is beneficial to science and medicine, which can be applied for humans and animals alike. This is opposite from the perspective of adversaries who value the life of an animal, as well as related lives. History shows the progression of the adversariesRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Human Health1146 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of animals suffer and die unnecessarily each year as they become subjects for medical testing and other horrendous experiments. Although some people believe such activities are necessary to progress in medical research, in reality it does very little to improve human health and development. For decades, drug and chemical safety assessments have been based on laboratory experimentations involving rabbits, dogs, rodents, and other animals. Consequently, nine out of ten drugs proven safeRead MoreAnimal Rights Research Paper2 580 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Exploring Animal Rights in America and the Treatment of Animals in the Entertainment Industry Joseph Horton ITT Technical Institute Dayton Campus Author Note Joseph H. Horton, Bachelor Student in Project Management, ITT Technical Institute. This research was supported in part by my school tuition provided by Federal Student Loans and the ITT Technical Institute Opportunity Scholarship. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Joseph Horton, 12 S. Timber Hollow Dr. Apt. 1213Read MoreEnvironmental Ethics And Its Impact On The Environment1833 Words   |  8 Pagestheory that humans are masters of the earth. Since animals have no rights in Kant s view, he believes that humans are perfectly justified in exploiting nature for their own benefit. Humans are driven by moral law, that is, they can reason and rationalize, and animals cannot, and this according to Kant, is what separates the nonhuman from the humans. Animal Rights and Welfare Tom Regan and Peter Singer are the main architects of animal rights and welfare ethics. On this approach they support the viewRead MoreSocial And Moral Value Of Animal Welfare2385 Words   |  10 Pagesmurder of animals as they now look upon the murder of men† (Leonardo Da Vinci) There is a commonly held belief that animal welfare is defined by humanities intention to retain the ideal and social and moral value of being compassionate toward other non-human beings. Yet many believe that with the global continuation of animal testing in research humanity is failing in this endeavour. During my primary research I found numerous people perceived a negative connotation in the words ‘animal welfare’. ThisRead MoreKant And Aldo Leopold s Ethics Regarding Sustainability And Personal Obligation3383 Words   |  14 Pagesinsignificant, if everyone reduced their trash output or ate less meat, there would be huge changes in our collective output. In order for this method to work, however, each person must first feel a moral responsibility to play his or her part in protecting the environment. In fact, a sense of personal responsibility may be the single most important factor in creating and implementing more sustainable practices. Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy, because it offers us a straightforward way to determine

Tourism and Technology

Question: Discuss about theTourism and Technology. Answer: Introduction: The impact of technology had definitely brought some positive changes within the tourism and hospitality industry in United Kingdom. The implementation of advanced technology had not only enhanced the services provided by the tourism and hospitality industries to people but also had made it easy for the customers to gain accessibility to those services in an effective way. The use of technology had also improved the quality of services provided along with the up to date present trends within the sector. The main areas where technology had been used in this sector could be the communication and marketing. In this topic, the different kinds of issues and problems present in the two articles including the use of internet in travel planning and also tourism in technology dead areas or zones (Buhalis Law, 2008). Few of the theories would also be illustrated here for addressing the issues properly ands find out suitable solutions as well. Main Body The topic had mainly focused on the essential aspects of Tourism or Hospitality and use of technology, as could be seen from the two articles provided. The two articles mainly helped to identify the different kinds of issues which might be faced by the tourism and hospitality industry due to lack of technology. The first article Tourism in technology dead zones: documenting experiential dimensions by Philip Pearce James Cook University Ulrike Gretzel University of Wollongong, highlights the importance of technology in tourism and how tourists deal with tourist locations which have zero connectivity with their social world. The second article information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet, by Zheng Xiang and Vincent PMagnini throws light yet agaon on how technology plays an important role in consumer behavior in travel and tourism in todays world. Key Issues The first issue or problem mainly faced by this industry was the absence of information technology that might affect the buying behavior of consumers and also provide inconvenience while making their travel planning or arrangements. There are many areas that do not have sufficient access to internet technology and have been suffering from outdated technological implications. As a result of this, the information technology was not implemented in these areas, thus resulting in no or very limited access to internet technology (Law et al, 2009). All these areas had been referred to as the technology dead zones, where there could be disruption or limited access or connectivity to internet technology, This could lead to various issues and problems like the hindering of social communication, communicate about work, gathering necessary knowledge and learning of skills, which could also create a sense of tensions between the tourists who were present in the technology dead zones. As the touri sts were mostly used to the normal technology support system of the tourism and hospitality industry, so when they go to some dead zones, they faced a lot of problems to communicate with people as a well as gain accessibility to the necessary services provided by the tourism and hospitality organisation (Mckercher et al, 2006). The second issue however is highlighting the importance of technology in todays world for understanding consumer behavior. This article highlights how travellers of generation Y uses the internet extensively for making their travel plans and are heavily dependent on the internet and on the other hand the very next article throws light on how these consumers who are highly dependent on this technology deal with the absence of the same in some tourist places which are cut off from these very technology. Theories, Concepts and Frameworks There are a number of theories, concepts and frameworks which have been related to the issues including the push and pull factor, the tourism system and also the tangible and intangible products related to the quality. Push and Pull Factor The push factors could be stated as the factors that could motivate the tourists to fulfill their needs and requirements while on the other hand the pull factors could be the actual knowledge or information that the tourists possessed about a certain location. Individuals often suffer from stress, as a result of which they need rest and some time for relaxation, which could be made possible with the help of visiting places by making necessary arrangements with the travel and tourism organizations through information technology support. The use of internet could easily change the behavior of tourists and make necessary travel planning and arrangements with ease and efficiency. The push factors could arise in this kind of situation where the tourists would feel to rest and relax, manage their health and fitness properly as well as look out for adventures and social interaction. The pull factors on the other hand could help them to know about the location whether they wanted to visit wi th the surfing of internet that could further raise interest among them, thus influencing the behavior of the tourists in an effective manner (Sigala et al, 2012). Thus the push factors could be the psychological motives for initiation of travel desire and facilitate social interaction while the pull factors could be the cultural motivational factors for gathering knowledge about the place and then make necessary travel arrangements with the sue of information technology. The information could be synthesized with the use of internet and in order to fulfill the desires of tourists, there had been numerous online travel agencies that could easily satisfy those needs and provide convenience across many segments of customers in the market (Williams, 2006). Tourism System The tourism and hospitality had been changing continuously from time to time. There were also present several rural areas which had been termed as technology dead zones, with little or no access to internet, thus creating inconvenience for the tourists, So, it had become essential for implementing the Tourism system which could enable changes in destinations, improve the distribution and communication channels, focus on the technology weak zones market segments and also change the modes of transportation. The implementation of information technology could enhance the reliability of this kind of system by fulfilling the demands of tourists in these dead zones and also ensure that they could remain connected with the tourism department through social interaction with the help of internet (Buhalis Law, 2008). The tourism system had basically improved the convenience and accessibility for the tourists by improving the intangible assets like services delivered by the tourism and hospital ity sectors and also the tangible assets like the goods offered including the infrastructure of the hotel, prices and also the design and cleanliness. Therefore, the tourism system could deliver excellence in the quality of services offered as well as make sure that the issues faced in technology dead zones were eradicated (Law et al, 2009). Conclusion The topic illustrated the various aspects of tourism and hospitality and technological impact within the industry. The purpose of addressing these issues to the tourism and hospitality was to find out ways or approaches and also how the theories of push and full factors and Tourism system were related to the resolving of those issues. The potential strategies had been addressed which mainly showed that with the advancement in technology and communication, the use of information technology could be beneficial for the sector to influence the consumer behavior and attitude to make travel planning and also ensure providing ease of accessibility for the tourists in technology dead areas (Mckercher et al, 2006). References Buhalis, D., Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the InternetThe state of eTourism research.Tourism management,29(4), 609-623. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1139context=buspapers https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zheng_Xiang5/publication/265415862_Information_technology_and_consumer_behavior_in_travel_and_tourism_Insights_from_travel_planning_using_the_internet/links/550b00980cf265693cef6197.pdf Law, R., Leung, R., Buhalis, D. (2009). Information technology applications in hospitality and tourism: a review of publications from 2005 to 2007.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,26(5-6), 599-623. Mckercher, B., Law, R., Lam, T. (2006). Rating tourism and hospitality journals.Tourism Management,27(6), 1235-1252. Sigala, M., Christou, E., Gretzel, U. (Eds.). (2012).Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Williams, A. (2006). Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,18(6), 482-495.

Term Papers Writing And Its Important Elements

Important Elements of Term Paper Writing The prologue or introduction to a research paper is precisely what it sounds like. Its a prologue to what your crowd is going to read about. Each sentence should change smoothly in the progression from the general to the particular, managing the reader to one specific contention you will make on a subject. This being stated, its as yet a standout amongst the most troublesome parts of a research paper to compose. scoured assets and discovered both extraordinary and frightful presentations. Furthermore, found that the best research paper presentations each have the accompanying three components in like manner: Reference paperassistance.comContain a General Prologue to the Subject Begin your research paper with a couple of sentences that acquaint the theme with your reader. You dont need to get excessively nitty gritty now; you should spare points of interest for the body of your paper. You do, be that as it may, need to work your way towards a more exact proposition proclamation as you go. For example, suppose your research paper is on traveler plane security norms in the 21st century. Your first couple of sentence may discuss present the subject with speculation of plane security benchmarks. Your next couple of sentences could raise a few inquiries or worries that are important to people in general, and youre gathering of people. At long last, you should take an unmistakable position in your theory toward the finish of the passage. Is Fascinating to Read and Snares the Reader Make the acquaintance sufficiently engaging with snare the reader and constrain him or her to proceed. Try not to begin the paper with the self-evident, In this article, I will or This exposition is about – both are powerless presentations that ought to never lead research paper. Begin solid. If youve run over an intriguing statement or a reality about the theme you are presenting, begin with that. Try not to disparage the capability of an excellent account that can be attached to the point you will display. In case you lead your research paper with a tale, you should search for minutes you would say that is short and is a case of the more significant purpose of your article. While stories are compelling leads, they can likewise confound your group of onlookers if the association isnt clear. Incorporates an Elegant Term Paper Term paper writing service list this first because a proposition will control whatever remains of your research paper and is, accordingly, the most compelling piece. Your hypothesis proclamation ought to be as precise and particular as could reasonably be expected. You ought to compose the theory, so it directs your contentions through your first draft, yet additionally be available to refine your hypothesis as your disputes grow all the more exactly. Your proposal is no particular case to whatever remains of your thinking of it ought to be as transparent as could be allowed. You need to guarantee your reader sees precisely what you mean. Your proposition proclamation ought to be constrained to you can achieve in the tasks oath restrict. A professional term paper writing service presentation will reflect all around made thoughts. For the reader, it will flag a writer who has insight and pledge to the subject. Remembering these components as you make your presentation should enable your research to paper remain concentrated and on point. Elements Introduction Review the Literature Develop Hypotheses Method Findings Discussion Conclusion References Recommendations At it is all about addressing all the possible term paper related worries of the students. No matter what is the required task, here professional writers with their many years of experience are always ready to assist in academic tasks.

Up From Slavery essays

Up From Slavery essays Booker T. Washington, the author of Up From Slavery, is the subject of his novel as well. In Booker's autobiography, he tells the story of what life was like growing up as a colored person after the revolution. Where most slavery novels tell stories of hardships faced while in bondage, Booker tells the story from a different perspective - what life was like growing up as a free man. When Booker was but a boy of eleven years, he had allready been forced to work for most of his life. He knew nothing of the outside world, or what it felt like to experience every man's birthright: freedom. By day he worked in the fields; planting corn, carrying loads of hay to the barn, tilling the fields, and other tasks that no white man at the time would even consider doing himself. Young Washington considered it a special treat to recieve a small serving of Molassas every Friday, and to occasionally have some chicken or beef for supper, as his regular meals consisted of potatoes and gruel. One evening, the other slaves of the plantation overheard their masters discussing the matter of the Revolution. This had them very excited, as it meant they would be free if the North won the war. Soon enough, the North had won, and the negros were all set free. Their cries of joy soon dimmed as they realized they had no idea how to be free. They would have to work for themselves, provide food for themselves, educate themselves, all of which they had little or no understanding of. For the first few months, Booker and his small family, consisting of his mother and older brother, managed to survive by working in the cole mines day and night to provide what little money they could manage for the family. It was dangerous work - one could get crushed by rocks, inhale various deadly gasses, or be blown apart by faulty explosives. One day, Washington heard two black men talking about a school made specifically for colored people known as the Ha ...

High GPA but Low SAT Score What Do You Do

High GPA but Low SAT Score What Do You Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips For a lot of smart students, the SAT is a struggle. If you have a high GPA, but a low SAT score, you're not alone! If you feel like you're good in school but not great at test taking, here's our expert guide on how you can boost your chances of getting into a great college. You'll be able to show colleges your true academic potential. The Good News Your high GPA shows that you have been diligent in your schoolwork across all four years of high school. I am classifying a high GPA as 3.5 to 4.0 on a 4.0 scale for reasons outlined in the article linked, though more competitive colleges such as the Ivy League will consider a high GPA to be in the 3.85 to 4.0 range. Stanford says on their admissions website, â€Å"We expect you to challenge yourself throughout high school and to do very well. The most important credential that enables us to evaluate your academic record is the high school transcript.† Your GPA is the most important part of your application, but a school will only consider your high GPA impressive if you took the hardest classes (AP or IB) offered at your school.If you took easy classes and had a high GPA, it does not impress admissions officers. (I'll discuss this more in detail later.) The Bad News Universities care about SAT scores because they see them as an equalizer (for an in-depth explanation of the function of the SAT, check out our other article).Every student in the country received a different high school education. Even students at the same school took different classes or had different teachers. However, every applicant to that university took the SAT or ACT. Every student took the same test (or at least an equivalent one, as the exact test changes from administration to administration). So, unfortunately, a university admissions officer may think that your high school grades were inflated or that you took easy classes at your high school and may think that your low SAT score is a more accurate representation of your college achievement potential. How Low Is Low for an SAT score? Before you worry about how low your SAT score is, consider this:some schools â€Å"superscore† the SAT, meaning they only count your highest section scores across all the dates you took the SAT. If you've taken the test multiple times,your score might be higher than you thought. For example, if you took the test 2 times, and your best Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score was on your 1st test date (710), and your best Math score was on your 2nd test date (680), you can combine those 2 best section scores into a brand new composite score (1390). For a more in-depth explanation and for the schools that superscore the SAT, see our other article: Which Colleges Superscore the SAT? If you still feel like your SAT score is low, consider this: how "low" your SAT score actually is depends on which college you hope to attend.You should Google search for â€Å"[College Name] SAT† to find out the 25th/75th percentile for the school you are interested in. The 25th percentile score means that 25% of the students attending that school have a score at or below that number (this is below average). The 75th percentile means that 75% of students have a score at or below that number. In essence, the 25th/75th percentile covers the middle 50% of all students admitted to the school. If you score at the 75th percentile for any school and have a high GPA, you have a great chance at getting in. If you're at the 25th percentile, you'll need to have a strong application to boost your odds of getting in.For example, NYUhas a 25th/75th of 1255 to 1475, and Harvard has a 25th/75th of 1405 to 1600. You may ask, well, why don’t I have a great shot scoring a 1405 of getting into Harvard when 25% of admits scored below that?In reality, the 25% below are most likely admitted because they are a special applicant such as an athlete (or have a special talent beyond athletics such as being a New York Times published writer/famous actress), legacy, or child of a significant donor. In this article, I'm assuming you're a â€Å"normal applicant†(not an athlete/special talent, legacy, or child of a significant donor). In order for you to have the best shot of getting in, you want to get your SAT score to match your high GPA and get a score that is at or above the 75th percentile for the school you are applying to. What Do Colleges Think of Your High GPA/Low SAT Score? What really matters in all of these questions is how the college admissions office views your application. A high GPA paired with a low SAT score means a few things - most of them bad. One potential impression is that your school inflated your grades or you took easy high school classes, and that your SAT score may be a more accurate reflection of your academic potential than your GPA. In other words, if your academic skill is, in reality, low, you'll get a high GPA at an easier high school but perform poorly when compared to the rest of the nation on the SAT. However, admissions officers will go beyond this initial impression. Most admissions officers know high schools in the US very well. At most universities, each admissions officer is responsible for a specific state or a region. They read all the applications from that area and visit the high schools (if your high school has an admissions officer visit and talk about the university they work at - that person will typically read your application). Since the admissions officers visit these schools and read the applications from students at them, they are very familiar with the academics at these high schools. You want them to be impressed by your GPA and SAT score! They know if your school is historically academically challenging or historically easy and known to inflate grades.So, an admissions officer will know if you chose to take easier classes and avoided the AP or IB classes that your school offered (if your school offers AP or IB) and will most likely then consider your low SAT to be a better representation of your academic potential than your GPA. If you did take a very challenging course load throughout high school (packed AP or IB classes, if available at your school) and you still have a very high GPA, the admissions officer will know and may be willing to look past your SAT score.However, you will have a better chance of being accepted if you can get your SAT score up to match your high GPA. Why Is Your SAT Score Low? Not sure why your SAT score was lower than you expected? In this section, we discuss several common reasons good students often get low SAT scores, and we also explain what you can do to overcome these issues. Issue 1: Did You Study? If you didn't study, that is most likely the reason behind your low SAT score.You need to know the test format cold.Learn how the SAT is scored, how long the SAT is and the SAT structure, andknow the SAT instructions.You need to take several timed practice SATs(I recommend four or more before taking your next test).Check out our other article for Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs: 8 FREE Official Tests.By taking all of these timed practice tests, you will get very familiar with the test format and comfortable with the timing. However, you should not be taking the tests just to take the tests; you also need to be reviewing your answers. For help reviewing your mistakes, check out our other article: The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes for the SAT/ACT. Issue 2: Did You Study Effectively? If you have practiced a decent amount for the SAT and it didn't result in a high score, then you may need to change how you study. If you studied on your own, what material are you using?You should only be using real SATs.Sincethe SAT is such a unique test, you need to being using the real thing to get the best practice.Check out our other article for Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs: 8 FREE Official Tests.If you want more practice, check out our other article for advice on the best books to buy for SAT prep. When you study, are you reviewing your incorrect answers?This is the most important step in the learning process: figuring out what you did wrong.Without this step, you will not learn from your mistakes, and you will keep repeating them.For help reviewing your mistakes, check out our other article: The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes for the SAT/ACT. If you're studying with official practice SATs and reviewing your answers and still not seeing improvements in your SAT score, there may be a couple of problems: Problem #1: You have not mastered the strategies of the test.To help fix this problem, you should check out the other free guides offered here at PrepScholar, and you should also be looking at the other free resources available on the web. Problem #2: If you are still struggling after working on the strategies, you may be having an issue with focus while studying.To fix this problem, you may want more personalized preparation and may want to consider hiring a tutor, taking an SAT prep class or attending an SAT prep camp, or using an online resource such as PrepScholar. Issue 3: Is Your Tutor or Prep Program Not Getting You the Results You Want? If you have been studying with a tutor/class/online program and seeing no improvement, there may be a couple of problems: Problem #1: The tutor/class/online program is not personalized. It/he/she is not figuring out what your strengths and weaknesses are and is not focusing on fixing your weaknesses.Try to find a more personalized tutor/class/program.Consider trying our PrepScholar SAT prep program. We do the heavy lifting for you, by splitting up our prep material into specific skills. We'll detect your weaknesses automatically and give you focused lessons and quizzes to improve those skills. Problem #2: The tutor/class/ online program is not pushing you hard enough (i.e. letting you not do practice tests or is not forcing you to complete the test in the allotted time frame).You need a tutor/class/online program that will make sure you are taking accurately timed practice tests, and that will keep you on a study schedule.Consider trying our PrepScholar SAT prep program, whichtracks your hours spent studying each week, times you during all practice tests, and commits you to a study regimen. Problem #3: You may just be suffering from test anxiety.I have seen this in some students. You score very high in your practice, but on the real SAT, you cannot get the same score because you are nervous, or you forget your pacing and end up not finishing in time.There is no easy fix for this problem.Getting comfortable with the test format should help minimize stress, but may not eliminate test anxiety completely.Try to remember that this is just a test and the test will not determine your success in life.Consider trying meditation to calm your mind before the test. If You Don't Have Time to Retake the SAT, What Are Your Options? Your SAT score is only one part of your application, so try to focus on making the rest of your application as strong as possible. You already have a great transcript going for you, so try to make the rest of your application match your high GPA. This includes getting great letters of recommendation, having strong extracurriculars, and knocking your personal statement out of the park. For in-depth advice on how to build the most versatile college application,check out our other article. What’s Next? Retaking the SAT? Check out our ultimate SAT study guide to help you with your prep. Taking the SAT very soon? Check out our guide to cramming for the test. Not sure where you'd like to go to college? We'll help you find the right college for you. Nervous about getting arecommendation letter for your college application? Learn about who you should askto write itand check out ourtemplate for a good letter. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Reality TV Shows and the UK Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reality TV Shows and the UK Audience - Essay Example Reality TV, for the most part replaced the plethora of soap operas which previously entertained the past generation. Recognizing that audiences are bored and tired of watching stories with the same theme, directors and producers tried to stimulate viewership through the creation of programs that ordinary people can relate to. The shift to reality TV mirrors the changes in the preferred entertainment of viewers. They want something which is exciting, unscripted, and totally unpredictable. They would want to watch how a real person can reach his dreams through his talents. They are more entertained in watching how these things actually happen in real life and not on actors and actresses only. The shift towards a new type of entertainment also implies the change in the values and attitude of the society. The prevalence of reality can be often linked to moral degradation as the audience is often entertained by the mistakes and failures of the people inside the show. As the programs often feature how the participants can improve or should improve, they are humiliated in front of the camera and the millions who watch them. The rise in reality TV also signals the increasing acceptability of deviant behav

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Federal Reserve - Essay Example History, Structure, and Function The Federal Reserve was created in 1913 by Woodrow Wilson (Wells 2010). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries credit was controlled entirely by private banks. Farmers in the mid-western regions grew increasingly upset by this fact, as they complained that oftentimes the banks would alter their credit options at times when the farmers were vulnerable. The Federal Reserve was created as a compromise, with the banks still controlling credit, but the government determining the supply of funds (Wells 2010). While the intervening years have seen significant reforms in the way the Federal Reserve operates, its underlining function has remained the same. Private banks are able to borrow from the reserve at a discounted rate, they then loan this money to borrowers at the federal funds rate, or interest rate. As the Federal Reserve raises rates, so must the banks raise the rates of loans. This system is designed to ensure fair and equitable lending througho ut the country. The current chairman of the Federal Reserve, who was recently reappointed in January of 2010, and Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker preceded him (Johnson, Web). Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) The Federal Open Markets Committee is a branch of the Federal Reserve that has the responsibility of regulating the United States’ open market operations. While there are a great variety of committees and functions with the Federal Reserve, this committee perhaps is the most notable as it functions to make essential decisions about interest rates and the general growth of the supply of money within the country (Chandler 1971). These are factors that directly and significantly affect major aspects of the nation’s economy. In these regards, the FOMC is the primary monetary branch of the Unites States. The committee functions in a variety of complex, but well structured ways. In these regards, the committee meets and sets short-term objectives for long-term objec ts within a long-term structure of economic understanding. The short-term objectives work to ensure that the federal funds rate remains constant. In addition to regulating the federal funds rate, the Federal Open Markets Committee oversees operations that the Federal Reserve has overtaken abroad. They accomplish this task in close collaboration with the United States Treasury department. In terms of meeting structure, the FOMC is required by law to meet at least four-times per year, but generally they convene eight times annually (Chandler 1971). During the meetings, open reports are presented by committee members. The committee then works toward reaching a consensus in regards to policy decisions. During this entire process the Manager of the System Open Market Account oversees the policy presentations. What I Learned & My Point of View In research the Federal Reserve there was a great amount of structural and historical information I gained, but perhaps the greatest insights I gai ned were in regards to how the Federal Reserve functioned during the recent economic recession. When the recession hit the Federal Reserve began the process of lowering interests rates to increase consumer spending. At this point, the Fed has virtually lowered the interest rate to 0%. In addition to

Business communication Essay Example for Free

Business communication Essay Student Name: ID: 1-:learning Outcome being assessed: 1. Choose the appropriate communication channel for a business communication event. 2. Present material in context and support claims with evidence, reasoning and professional quality. 3. Design and produce a message that is responsive and appropriate within a business context. 4. Produce clear and concise memos, letters, faxes and emails. 2-Handing in format instructions Sign this page and put it as a cover for your assignment Submit a copy of your work Work must be neat and readable. Use blue ink only (or pencil when permitted). Number all pages etc†¦ 3- Marks Problem/question Marks allotted Marks obtained Feedback to students Layout Formulation (ideas/ Content) English 3 5 2 Total 10 [Lecturer should give feedback to the student for all questions with awarded marks around 60%] Program Manager Approval: Course: Business Communication Semester: Fall 13/14 Code: GEM202 Lecturer: Handout date: 29/9/13 Due date: 10/10/13 Assignment # :1 Home Assignment Maximum Mark: 10 Choose one of the following Tasks TASK1: You work for X company (you decide what kind) as a (you decide what position). You want to take a course on (you decide what topic) and have the company cover the cost. Your supervisor is basically supportive but will need to get the OK from his boss. For this you will need to make the case persuasively and in writing. Write an email proposal to your supervisor requesting the company cover the cost of the course. Convince the decision maker that the course is worth the money. Try to tie to your current and future responsibilities and explain how the company will benefit. To ensure that your proposal has sufficient level of detail, you may want to do some research on the internet on courses and choose one that might be useful to your current job. TASK2: You have been using the e-Text book for certain courses offered by McGraw Hill/KUC over the last semester. Draft a letter to the KUC management expressing your opinion on introducing the new digital books as study materials for the students. Explain for which courses you have used the e-book. How beneficial was it? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the e-book and what are your recommendations for the future. Would you like to pursue its usages, would you prefer using a print copy rather than the digital copy, or do you have any other suggestion? Use persuasive suggestion? Use persuasive arguments to support your opinion. can you please help me doing any of these tasks?

Accounting Terms :: essays research papers

The following explanations of terms are presented to aid in understanding the narrative discussions and illustrations included in this text and the terminology generally used in governmental accounting, auditing, financial reporting and budgeting. Because this glossary is reprinted from the Government Finance Association's Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting, the terms and explanations have not been modified to reflect specific Texas school district issues, etc. Synonyms for specific terms also may be presented in this appendix. In such instances, the abbreviation "syn." is used before the term. ACCOUNTABILITY. Being obliged to explain one's actions, to justify what one does. Accountability requires governments to answer to the citizenry-to justify the raising of public resources and the purposes for which they are used. Governmental accountability is based on the belief that the citizenry has a "right to know," a right to receive openly declared facts that may lead to public debate by the citizens and their elected representatives. [SGAC1] ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES BOARD (APB). Authoritative private-sector standard-setting body that preceded the FASB. The APB issued guidance in the form of Opinions. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (AcSEC). An AICPA committee that is authorized to issue Practice Bulletins. A Practice Bulletin specifically targeted to state and local governments and cleared by the GASB would enjoy "level 2" status on the hierarchy of authoritative sources of GAAP established by SAS No. 69, The Meaning of "Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" in the Independent Auditor's Report. ACCRUAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING. A method of accounting that recognizes the financial effect of transactions, events, and interfund activities when they occur, regardless of the timing of related cash flows. ACQUISITION COSTS. Term used in connection with public-entity risk pools. Costs that vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of new and renewal contracts. Commissions and other costs (e.g., salaries of certain employees involved in the underwriting and policy issue functions, and inspection fees) that are primarily related to contracts issued or renewed during the period in which the costs are incurred are considered to be acquisition costs [SGAS 10] ACTIVITY. A specific and distinguishable service performed by one or more organizational components of a government to accomplish a function for which the government is responsible (e.g., police is an activity within the public safety function). ACTUARIAL ACCRUED LIABILITY. Term used in connection with defined benefit pension plans. That portion, as determined by a particular actuarial cost method, of the actuarial present value of pension plan benefits and expenses which is not provided for by future normal costs.

Bisexual Discrimination Essay

Sexuality has in the history of mankind occupied a very important pat of the society. In all history of mankind, it has been hard to categorize people in any other form without one’s sex playing an important role. However the problem is not the biological sex differences. The problem is the sex roles the society has allocated to men and women, making it look like there are some things that women can do but men cannot do, and that there are some roles boys can play but girls cannot. This has come to be known as gender mainstreaming. This paper examines bisexuality in the society and how it has led to discrimination to those who do not subscribe to the majority’s sexual orientations. Bisexuality refers to a situation whereby a person desires to engage in romance or sex with both males and females. However most bisexuals tend to have an affinity for either males or females and it is often rare for a bisexual to balance the desire to both sexes. According to Kinsey Scale (Klein & Wolf, 1985) bisexuals are predominantly heterosexual and incidentally homosexual. Therefore bisexual could be characterized by aesthetic attractions for members of the opposite sex and does not necessarily have to involve romance or actual sex (Klein & Wolf, 1985). Although bisexuality was in the past confused with hermaphrodites, the term has become very popular and new terminologies have emerged to further clarify bisexuality. Such terminology include Biphobia which refers to the fear which bisexuals are subjected to by being rejected by people from mainstream sexual orientations such as heterosexuals and homosexuals who hold that, bisexuality is not an appropriate lifestyle. Bisexuals are also faced with homophobia which stems from the fear of rejection and dejection by people who only believe in heterosexuality as the only appropriate lifestyle and therefore do not recognize bisexuality as a lifestyle. This leads to the discrimination of the bisexuals by heterosexuals who form the greater part of the society. According to (Greene, 2000), about 2% of the American populations are bisexuals. This is an indicator that bisexuals form a considerable proportion of the American society and therefore deserves to be listened to and recognized in all social dimensions. Most of the problems being experienced in terms of fighting the discrimination being leveled against bisexuals have got something to do with how the society at large constructs sex. Most people look at life from the dimension of duality (Peplau, & Garnets, 2000), something which leads many people to have problems comprehending how people can comfortably engage in sexual or romantic relationships with either sex. This has led to stereotypes which in turn have led to discrimination. Bisexuals have been faced by numerous challenges in their endeavor to gain recognition from the society. These challenges mainly stem from the tendency of most bisexuals to have the phobia to come up in the open and reject discrimination while at the same time making their points known to the society. Conflicts dominate most of the bisexuals’ life spheres like marriage, education and job. Bisexuals in a marriage get it very difficult to open up to their spouses and confess about their sexual orientations in fear of rejection by their partners or outright rejection. This can be very trying moments for bisexuals and therefore many results into living in self-denial. Despite the fact that there are many married people who are bisexual; opening up is not something many are ready to do. The reality of divorce does not attract many in that, many bisexuals interact in public as heterosexuals unlike it is the case with homosexuals and heterosexuals where partners something which is widely regarded as infidelity in the society. The other major challenge facing bisexuals is recognition by religious organizations. Most religious sects have a problem recognizing any other sexual orientation apart from heterosexuality. This presents great challenges to those who happen to be spiritual as it turns that their lifestyles do not agree with their religious doctrines. This is very challenging and is a common source of discrimination for bisexuals. Bisexuals are faced with an identity crisis arising from the above challenges and this is currently a major worry for bisexuals whose right to expression is greatly affected by challenges evident in the religious, social, marital as well as work life. Cultural barrier continues to be a source of discrimination for bisexuals. Most cultures are traditionally male dominated and the social structures are constructed such that; the man is the head of most households (Lane, & Goeltz, 1998). The issue of bisexuality has not quite been received well in most traditional cultures. This presents hardships to bisexuals who wish to lead normal lives as bisexuals but at the same want to fit in the culture. This is evident in schools whereby the education system does not take into consideration the needs of bisexuals but assumes that everyone is heterosexual. This is agonizing for bisexuals whose interests are not well taken care of, which is clearly a source of discrimination. Bisexuals currently seem to be the latest victims of the unending obsession of sexuality in the society. Discrimination on the basis of one’s sex occurs when an individual is denied some rights and freedom on the basis of their beliefs concerning sex and relationship. Usually, sexual discrimination is common in cases whereby the victim belongs to a minority sex group such as bisexuality, and homosexuality. Consistent fight for equal rights for homosexuals and heterosexuals led to the recognition of the homosexuals as social bonafide groups. Today in many states, homosexuals can be proud of their sexual orientation, express themselves freely and also seek social rights. Some states recognize and allow homosexuals to marry. It is no longer a big issue for one to be gay or lesbian. The society has now evidently turned the heat on bisexuals. However the reasons for this discrimination are baseless some of the common reasons opponents of bisexuality give are; it is awkward, it is backward, and it is strange (Peplau, & Garnets, 2000). These are some of the reasons being advanced by opponents of bisexualism. Clearly, the above reasons are baseless and lack empirical support as they do lack in any legal backing. This has made it particularly hard for bisexuals to lead normal lives not only in colleges but in all spheres of life such as the work place. Bisexuals are even facing discrimination from homosexuals who having gone through the same experience of discrimination, should be in the forefront of protecting and defending the bisexual movement. Unfortunately that is not the case. Homosexuals just like the heterosexuals are not about to relent in their discrimination against bisexuals. This is totally unacceptable and is in direct violation of the rights of the bisexuals. The fact that the bisexuals are only a minority in the community and therefore cannot wage a strong ‘war’ against discrimination has made bisexuals to continue to suffer unfairly. Sexual discrimination takes a lot of forms and is manifested in the workplace, in accessing education, accessing of job opportunities, as well as in the accessing of social security. The access to opportunities based on sex is discriminatory in that, it favors people from some sexual orientations and oppresses others. In the U. S. , the legislation that protects people from discrimination based on sex is the Title VII, in Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Randen, 2001). The law has been criticized due to the fact that it only addresses issues surrounding sexual harassment that is applicable to the work place but fails to address sexual discrimination in other contexts. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is the other law in the US that covers those facing or are under threat of sex discrimination. Again, this law like the others only covers some members of the community and does not take good care of bisexual interests. Conclusion There is a need for the society to be enlightened in regard to emerging trends in sexual orientations and lifestyles. This is possible through interest groups and the government putting in effort in terms of legislations, awareness campaigns, and incorporation of sex education into the education curriculum. All the above measures, will lead to a better understanding of bisexuality and therefore the discrimination currently being directed towards bisexuals is likely to cease. It is possible for bisexuals to overcome the current discrimination, only if the bisexuals continue in the fight against sex discrimination. References Greene, B. (2000). African American Lesbian and Bisexual Women. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2). Klein F. and Wolf T. (1985). Bisexualities: Theory and Research. Haworth Press, New York. Lane, R. and Goeltz, W. (1998). Identity confusion, bisexuality, and flight from the mother. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(3). Peplau, L. and Garnets, L. (2000). A New Paradigm for Understanding Women’s Sexuality and Sexual Orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2 Randen, H. (2001). Bi Signs and Wonders: An interview with Robyn Ochs. Journal of Bisexuality, 1(1): 5-26.

A Comparative Look at Beethoven and Mozart Lives

Beethoven and Mozart are great and famous composers of classical music who share similarities in musical composition and still both exhibit certain differences. Being counted among the list of the most influential composers in the history of music, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig Beethoven are artists who have much in common.This paper draws on the views that both of these composers have the same musical foundation having been introduced to music by their fathers. It seeks to explore the similarities as well as differences in the lives of Mozart and Beethoven in the history of music.Mozart and Beethoven are from the same origin and they worked in the same musical genres such as classical and romantic thus exemplifying themselves as very talented musician a as well as prolific composers. However, it is plausible to accept the fundamental truth there are no two people are exactly the same. On this basis, Mozart and Beethoven harbor certain differences that emanate from their different perso nalities and perspectives in music. As a result, it emerges that the age at which they began composing points out clear differences in their composition and musical careers coupled by their musical style.Differences The first notably difference between Mozart and Beethoven lies in their musical style. Brown (23-25) postulates that the overwhelming greater part of the composition of Mozart is not only light but also very aerial and delightful. As such, music critics have attributed that the musical pieces of Mozart aim at general entertainment and extensively apt relaxation which underlies the whole paradigm in which music is composed and performed. On the hand, Beethoven’s music is typical of intensive drama which makes it heavier and typical of a wide range of pith.In light of this, Wallace (105-107) explains that the music of Beethoven exhibits a lot of in-depth passion and dynamism in composition as well as performance. Notably, another important difference that marks the Beethoven and Mozart is their entry age in the field of musical composition. Arguably, Mozart began his musical career at the age of five and grew up composing music for royal people in most cases (Lancaster, 37-39). On the same note, Beethoven is said to have delved into music when he was already a teenager and concentrated a composing music for the public at large.With regard to this difference, both musical artists grew in different circumstances as pertains their introduction to music and thus, their audience became marked by the conditions that characterized their entry in music. With the different audiences, Mozart and Beethoven had to compose music at deferent condition and they addressed different thematic concerns hence marking their greatest difference in their lives and music (Pestelli, 52-54). Significantly, it is prudent to note their difference in notation styles. Mozart continued to produce musical piece that was marked by clear and neat notations.Comparatively, this was greatly different from the notational styles of Beethoven since his composition was marked by sloppy, unclear and somewhat careless notations (Brown, 49-51). Extensively, the style of their music as well as the audience they composed for left them emotionally feeling different. For instance, as Mozart became a happy, easy-going composer and person in life while Beethoven was typical of bad temper and largely became depressive. On this note the life experiences of these two life time composers propelled them to different pedestals.Essentially, Beethoven led a lone life but his due to the question that he composed and performed for the general public he received an honorable burial after his death at the age fifty six. On the other hand, Mozart who specialized in composing for the royalties was buried in unmarked grave in Vienna at the age of thirty six (Lancaster, 87-89). Unlike Mozart, Beethoven had a method of composing which mirrored a situation where he recorded ideals in not ebooks and later used them in building up blocks for his composition.For example, the Ode of Joy, a symphony that was build on the theme of seeds was a concept conceived several years ago Accordingly, it is a reflection of a long gestation period of composition where Beethoven paid supreme attention to minute details in a bid to depict that in the music lies strength of idealism (Wallace, 36-38). This creative process marked the inspirational ability of Beethoven. However, Mozart was radical and was dubbed the Trent Reznor of his lifetime. He succeeded in his spontaneity ability as well as his outspoken nature.With regard to their musical works, Beethoven composed pieces that rapidly diverged from his teacher and peers. Revolution was in air and Beethoven’s symphonies mirrored both political and artistic features. For example, his third symphony was dedicated to Napoleon but later own, Beethoven deleted his name on the title of the Symphony after the realization that Napoleon had already declared himself an emperor (Pestelli, 41-42). The resulting events led to Beethoven to produce shorter symphonies such as his fourth and eighth.In light of this, Beethoven explored new areas in life and extensively wrote string quartets following the influence he got from his teacher Haydin. The works of Beethoven largely bordered personal introspective works that slid into uncharted musicals that still remained intimate. As a result, Brown (45-48) highlights that Beethoven composed various pieces that included several overtures, a mass and opera as well as concertos. He even stretched his base to write for piano with a host of sonatas and concertos for violins.On the other hand, Mozart influenced greatly on the musical development by drawing his works from figures and preludes and extensively employed fugal writing within the larger composition of symphonies. Although this influenced greatly on the development of classical music, it had little connection to his creati vity. Wallace (28-29) argues that the feelings, thoughts and ideologies of Mozart formed the basis of his influence and success in musical composition. As a result, these influence strove Mozart to commit to the depth of musical form and thus position him as a successful romantic composer.In the same vein, both great musicians had extraordinary pieces of music and performed in different era. Mozart belonged to the classical period while Beethoven belonged to the romantic era. As such, Mozart ended up being criticized for composing radical music that endangers the morals of the women since majority of these women were aroused with Mozart music. Beethoven on the other hand Beethoven had the advantage of in paving way for the creation and invention of pianoforte. The greatest music of Beethoven is his symphonies which are still heard in the present time as they were listed to in his time.Compared to Mozart, Beethoven continued to unify contrasting movements using musical continuity. Of ten, his music would have unclear ending, something that made his symphonies a bit longer (Brown, 57-61). Similarities It is worth noting that ideas and differences between Beethoven and Mozart can not suffice to say that either of them was better than the other but the interesting point of focus should be built around the understanding that both of them made major contributions in the world of classical music; contributions which led to the development of music as an art.Arguably, we can draw from their differences to construct a viewpoint of how Mozart and Beethoven are similar. Significantly, considering the fact that both of them were creative and gifted innovators of classical music during the classical and romantic period, both Mozart and Beethoven share a similar characteristic of being musical genius (Pestelli, 12-17). In addition, Brown (65-67) illustrates that Beethoven went at length of achieving the iconic status of musical composer.This factor is equally shared by Mozar t and thus, the iconic status as a composer was a status achieved as a result of ones revolutionary and immense influence on the development of music within the milieu of pivotal points in terms of the classical and the romantic periods. As such, the symphonies of Mozart as well as Beethoven demonstrates the development for music in these eras as the themes portrayed in these symphonies resonate what was entirely used as the European anthem. Moreover, their images are construed within the parameters of musical history.Beethoven, just like Mozart was born into a musical family where the father and grandfather were singers. Although this is not to the same extent, it is plausible to argue both Beethoven and Mozart were musical prodigies who were taught music by their parents at a tender age. Lancaster (121-122) asserts that the education of these two musical composers was courted by musicians such as Neefe; a factor which enabled them to demonstrate their musical talents in areas such as keyboard playing piano and harpsichord.In addition, composers during their eras were employees of the church, state or rich patron who were requested to compose musical works to articulate different occasions that were deemed important within the precincts of religion as well as secular. According to Wallace (23-44) both Beethoven and Mozart exhibited some sense of independence in their creative works. As such, they could set their own agenda in the entire composition.The basis of the set agenda gave these artists the opportunity to express their deepest feelings in life as exemplified by Beethoven who have his three symphonies reflecting the ideals of republicanism, liberty, religious beliefs as well as the aspect of brotherhood in the society. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that Beethoven and Mozart are great and famous composers of classical music but both exhibit certain differences. Being counted among the list of the most influential composers in t he history of music, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig Beethoven are artists who have much in common.However, both Mozart and Beethoven harbor certain differences that emanate from their different personalities and perspectives in music. All these similarities and differences fall within the wider framework of their musical careers, experiences and musical styles of composition. Work Cited Brown, P. The Musical Times: Mozart and Beethoven. Cambridge: CUP 2007 Lancaster, E. The Golden Age of Symphony: Mozart and Beethoven. London: Alfred Music Publishing 2000 Pestelli, G. The Age of Mozart and Beethoven. Harvard: HUP 1984 Wallace, R. Classical Equilibrium in Music. Oxford: OUP 2009

Cover Letter Guide Writing Your Best Cover Letter for 2017

Cover Letter Guide Writing Your Best Cover Letter for 2017 The cover letter is often the underappreciated sibling of the resume. It’s a little lefts)Do You Have Tips for My Particular Field?Here at TheJobNetwork, we’re constantly working on spotlighting different fields, but if you’re in one of these fields and writing a cover letter, then you are already in luck:How to Write a Perfect Teacher Cover LetterHow to Write a Perfect Admin Assistant Cover LetterHow to Write a Perfect Human Resources Cover LetterEven if you’re not in one of these specific fields, you’ll find helpful tips and tricks that you can apply to your own letter as well.And there you have it†¦you should be good to start your own cover letter! Congrats on not neglecting this oft-overshadowed piece of your applicant package, and boosting your chances of getting to the next steps.

All About Abbreviations

All About Abbreviations All About Abbreviations All About Abbreviations By Guest Author This is a guest post by Letia Graening. An abbreviation is defined as a shortened version of a word or phrase. But did you know that there are many different types of abbreviations? Here is a list of abbreviation types: Acronym – This forms a word using the initial parts or first letters of a name. For example, ABBA, MADD, and OPEC are all acronyms that take the first letter from each word to form a new word. Lesser known acronyms include scuba and laser. The latter examples show that not all acronyms have to be capitalized. Initialism Also called alphabetism, this is a group of letters, each pronounced separately, used as an abbreviation for a name or expression. Examples include: CD, TV, and UK. Truncation This type of abbreviation consists only of the first part of a word. These are most often used when referring to proper titles such as months of the year or days of the week, e.g., Mon., Fri., Apr., Oct. Clipped – Similar to truncation in that you are using a part of the word to form the abbreviation, but in this case you’re using either the middle or end. Common clipped abbreviations include phone (telephone) and fridge (refrigerator). Aphesis In this case, you have dropped the unstressed vowel at the beginning of the word. These are often unintentional and casually spoken versions of the words. Perhaps the best example is cause instead of because. Portmanteau The blending of two or more words will give you a portmanteau. Some of my personal favorites include liger (lion and tiger), spork (spoon and fork), skort (shorts and skirt), and brinner (breakfast and dinner). Some things to consider when using abbreviations: Anyone can make up an abbreviation and many are non-standard. They should, therefore, be left out of formal writing. If the full word would be capitalized (e.g., Sunday or January), make sure to capitalize the abbreviation (e.g., Sun. or Jan.). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Cannot or Can Not?30 Words for Small Amounts

Is employment the solution to end child poverty Essay

Is employment the solution to end child poverty - Essay Example In essence, poverty is judged in relation with society. This means that even though someone is earning enough money to provide for his basic needs, he would still be poor, if his income falls short of what the society around him is earning. (Galbraith, 1998) The instruments to judge poverty are as widely differing as the debate on the definition of poverty itself. Where some people measure poverty according to the household income, others measure poverty by understanding the concept of depravity and the basic needs lacking in any person’s life. In Britain since the year 1999, the government has been measuring poverty using a criterion of sixty per cent of the existing average income level adjusted according to the size of the household. Studies about poverty suggest that the population demographic is hit by poverty across different age-groups, ethnicities and nationalities. Where some individuals feel that poverty is experienced by those who are involved in double-crossing either the state or the society, other believe that the concept of a ‘welfare-state’ is what breeds poverty among masses. Such critics are of the view that the idea of welfare-state itself is responsible for higher rates of poverty; when individuals are aware that they will be able to obtain a decent amount of the basic necessities that they require, even if they do not work, such individuals might be tempted to stop working and rely on the state instead. â€Å"The persistence of child poverty in rich countries undermines both equality of opportunity and commonality of values. It therefore confronts the industrialized world with a test both of its ideals and of its capacity to resolve many of its most intractable social problems.† (Centre, 2000) The key findings of the Innocenti Report Card show how child poverty is still very much a relevant issue in the developed world, whereby

Applied Information Technology Project Part2 Assignment

Applied Information Technology Project Part2 - Assignment Example By sustaining a narrow profit margin, the grocery proved to be successful and by 1926, M.B. acquired 322 Safeway stores and incorporated as Safeway Inc. the merger saw the incorporation of the grocery to Safeway Inc. before joining the New York Stock Exchange. As a form of improving the quality of products, Safeway introduced product quality assurance through a â€Å"sell by† date on the perishable products for the assurance of quality and nutrients labelling. As of 2013, Safeway Inc had an operating income of U.S. $17.219 billion and employed approximately 138,000 employees. According to Someville (n.p), today Safeway controls about $25 billion in private equity from New York Security Exchange. Since 1928, Safeway Inc. has been listed on the New York Stock exchange, and its headquarters are situated in Pleasanton, California. The retail store’s mission is to ensure that its employees establish loyal relationships with its clients, while its mission emphasizes the use o f employees’ talents and passion to grant customers the best experience. Although Safeway Stores are in the process of merging with Albertsons Grocery Stores, their name while remain while business will proceed as usual under new management. Owing to the merger, some Safeway stores expect great improvements, including better customer services and cleaner stores. In addition, Alberterson reveals that its aim of acquiring Safeways was to put a shine on it through improved customer service and memorable customer experience. However, there is little hope that Safeways will remain given that Albertsons has a history of demising acquired firms such as Hayward-Based Mervyns that was declared bankrupt in 2008. Another controversial aspect of the merger is that Albertson is known for its stake in car, and guns and military and not supermarkets or grocery operations. The acquisition of Safeway places it in a company that has 27 distribution facilities, 2,400 stores, and 20

The Learning and Growth Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Learning and Growth Perspective - Essay Example The use of Balanced Scorecard is a very important aspect of the business compared to other performance management strategies; it responds immediately progress, feedback and changing business conditions. Various successful organizations like Futura Industries have used this strategy of the Balanced Scorecard and it is evident that the strategy has positively contributed to the companies’ success over years. A Futura Industries is an international company based in Utah led by Susan Johnson. It has more than 50 years of experience in aluminum design, extruding, fabrication, finishing, and machining. They needed a plan to help the business grow over years. Susan Johnson, the president of Futura Industries came up with the idea of deploying the Balanced Scorecard in the organization. She argued that for success to be evident in the company, employees’ welfare is the key to success. She believed that employees are very important assets to the company that need to be treated w ith utmost care and respect. She says that; Futura does not only require great machines, but also great people. For an organization in its success in its endeavors; â€Å"The opportunity for personal growth is one of the keys to maximizing employee motivation† (Bruce & Pepitone, 1999, p.9). Susan Johnson considered growth, innovation, and learning quadrant of the Balanced Scorecard as the most important aspects for the company’s growth. A company’s success goes hand in hand with its foundation which is molded by the employees. For Futura company success to be evident, Susan Johnson says that the company not only expects success to come from the employees but also its customers. Good Customer care service leaves a promising fact to the company that the customer will still come back someday. The Balanced Scorecard has helped Futura Industries in that, the company set goals and provided a safe, challenging and enjoyable workplace for the employees. Futura industrie s used the strategy of hiring and people and retaining the best people in the market and customer devotion which highly contributed to its competitive advantage with the other rival companies in the market. To maximize employees motivation in Futura, Johnson came up the idea of implementing surveys to the employees such as; Employee friendly initiative at Futura, Birthday Review, Leadership Review, Certification and Training Matrix, and an Annual Performance and Personal Development Review. Performance appraisal in an organization can be widely measured in different aspects as in the case of Futura. It contributes on determining the employees view regarding the company in general and what improvements should be done. Generally, â€Å"productivity can be increased significantly if supervisors set a specific production goal and provide attention and support to the workers† (Grote, 1996, p.6). At the end of every year, employees at Futura Industries complete the Employee Friendl y Initiative survey which records in excess of 60 benefits and other factors that are important to the employee such as; Sports team membership, Medical benefits, spouse scholarships, and flextime options are discussed. The survey asks the employees to give their views about the review benefits. In the case of Birthday Review, the employee is given the review survey in the same

Examining Poverty And Child Protection Acts Social Work Essay

Examining Poverty And Child Protection Acts Social Work Essay The area of poverty and child protection with black African families has been the source of controversy in British social work research for many decades. Many researchers find a correlation between economic deprivation such as poverty and social exclusion and parenting behaviour and practice, child-rearing capabilities and skills which are a prerequisite for proper child development anywhere in the world. Moreover, according to Jordan (2001) poverty is strongly correlated with reports of abuse and neglect. For instance, the National Centre for Children in Poverty found in 1990 that the incidence of child abuse and neglect, as well as the severity of the maltreatment reported, is much greater for children from low-income families than for others (Jordan, 2001 p.1). As a large number of Africans in the UK live below the poverty line, it may be reckoned that most black African children on the child protection register live below the poverty line. Brophy et al (2003) argue that many families brought to the attention of the child protection system lives in extreme poverty and may experience social exclusion. Black African children living in the UK may be over-represented in the child protection system for reasons such as physical abuse or neglect; therefore it is understandable to say that there is a correlation between abuse and parenting behaviours and practices. The question is why African families and children living in poverty, who are alleged of child abuse, are over-represented in the child protection system? Sossou Yogtiba (2008) noted in their study that a child is the most valuable asset of any traditional African family, as children symbolise status, respect and completeness of the nuclear family, if that is the case, then it is ironical to see African families and their children to be over-represented in the child protection system. Many black African families in the UK still lives below the poverty-line though they undertake different types of unskilled or skilled jobs, they support large families in their countries of origin (Anane-Agyei, 2002). It is reckon that poverty is linked with other social disadvantages such as poor education, limited employment opportunities, and poor health and may have devastating consequences for childrens development and life chances. Research shows that many African families and their children have insecure immigration status and their existing financial predicaments only help to complicate their parenting behaviours and practices. Penrose (2002) study shows that African families seeking asylum in the UK are often forced to live at level of poverty that is just unacceptable, and this causes financial constraint in their duty to provide adequate childcare for their children. Unemployment levels are known to be very high among African families, and they are also subject of stigmat ization and prejudice by the larger community that are suppose to accept them. Some African families living in the UK are without jobs and are also not entitled to social and economic benefit and therefore find it difficult to raise their children as expected by the laws of the land. Children growing up with parents living in absolute poverty are deprived of proper childhood development as these poor parents go through financial, emotional and psychological trauma in their duty to care for these children. African families living in poverty and failing to provide good care for their children may be perceived by social work professionals as failing in their parental responsibilities. For this reason, social workers may intervene in such families and often than not they are drawn into the child protection system. Amin Oppenheim (2002) argue that the unfamiliar cultural expectation of black African families living in the UK somehow contribute to the high level of poverty they experience. Research shows that many African families suffer from institutional oppression including housing, employment, education and health which not only means that they are more likely to experience poverty and deprivation, but also more susceptible to social work interventions in child abuse or maltreatment allegations. Corby (1993) noted that it may be expected that black African children are over-represented in child abuse cases because their families are more open to surveillance as they show high levels of poverty that complicate their parenting behaviours. In a broader perspective, Pearce Bozalek (2004) emphasise that the child protection system that exist in Britain will be unfamiliar to many African families, especially those more recently arrived, as similar state systems do not exist in most African countries, particularly where socio-economic factors, political instability and violence overshadow intra-familial child maltreatment and effective intervention into child abuse and neglect (Bernard Gupta, 2006 p). Brophy et al (2003) study supports the above assertion that African families experience discrimination and insecurity in child abuse cases, as the tools for assessing abuse are often euro-centric bias and prejudice the families. Chand (1999) study expresses the awareness that black African families are disadvantaged through oppression in all areas of society and this should not reflect in social work practice. Gibbon et al (2003) findings show that the child protection system was picking up more alleged child abuse cases inappropriately and putting more families and children on the child protection register than children who are subject to social welfare procedures. Therefore the over-representation of African families on the child protection register somehow, undermines the government aim of keeping children with families and reducing the number of children that are drawn onto the child protection register. The Department of Health (1995) document on child protection identified some pertinent shortcomings with the child protection system. The system seems to encourage unnecessary child protection interventions in border-line child abuse cases, which in many instances may have emotional and traumatic effects on families and children. Bernard Gupta (2008) in their study of black African children and the child protection system suggest that there are a series of interactions between environ mental factors such as poverty, immigration status and social exclusion that affect the life chances of many African children and the capacity of their parents to provide adequate care. Dowling (1999) realise that social work practice in the UK focus less on poverty-alleviating strategies but throw more resources behind safeguarding and protecting vulnerable children from abuse or maltreatment. Social workers need to understand the context in which abuse occurs, irrespective of race and culture, to develop an assessment and intervention process that is fairer for black families as they are more likely to suffer racism and oppression. In view of the above argument, it is pertinent that social workers know when to employ preventative measures to support black African families who have financial needs and when to take such families through the child protection system in the quest for safeguarding children. All these factors together create complex needs for many African children living in the UK, and, in many circumstances increase their vulnerabilities which draw them into the child protection arena. It can be argued that social workers have limited training and skills to understand the consequences of poverty on parents capabilities to provide adequate care for their children and this usually reflects in social work practice. Bernard Bernard (2008) argued that only by developing effective relationships with African families can social work professionals begin to understand their parenting behaviours and practices. 2.2 Poverty and Child Welfare Services Current literature shows that poverty experience by most black African families living in the UK could be alleviated by social work services that offer a pragmatic welfare services rather than drawing these families and children into the child protection system. Brophy et al (2003) study suggests that immigration and asylum issues, combined with poverty, are likely to be the reasons for the increased complexity for social work professionals assessing and intervening child abuse cases involving black African children. The Department of Health challenges social workers with the responsibility to implement Section 17 of the Children Act 1995, to provide adequate financial and social support for children in need via the child welfare services (Platt, 2006). However, social work agencies have not fully achieved the government agenda of alleviating poverty experience by many families and children due to inadequate resources at all levels of social work practice. The Department of Health have indicated that most families, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of material and emotional adversity (DoH, 2001). For instance black African families experiencing poverty may fail in their responsibility to provide proper care for their children as they spent almost all their time working to make ends meet. Such children hardly experience family treats such as going on a family holiday trip, having birthday parties and they are deprived of having basic playing toys and games that help children to learn and grow into adulthood. The lack of affordable basic needs for children of poor families complicated with other social adversities may contribute to poor children developing aggressive behaviours, low self-esteem, picking up awkward attitudes, and may to suffer from social deprivation. Fontes (2005) realises that many traditional immigrant families, where black Africans are part of, may use an authoritative style of parenting, demanding tot al obedience and respect from their children. Although these parental practices may not necessarily constitute child abuse, it clashes with the child-rearing norms of British culture, and seems to bring African children and families to the attention of the child protection system. When social workers start acknowledging borderline child abuse cases and understand the difficulties families living in poverty experience in raising their children, there would be a correct balance between when to employ a child protection intervention and a child welfare intervention (Spratt Callan, 2004). It is evident that children living in poverty may benefit from the child welfare services as stipulated in section 17 of the 1989 Children Act, as it aims at alleviating poverty in families and children in need (Platt, 2006). According to Thoburn et al (2007) investigations of alleged child abuse cases tend to focus more on risk assessment rather than assessment about developmental and social needs of the child in entity. In particular, social wor kers carrying out an investigation into alleged child abuse may not pick up parental and child upbringing issues resulting from poverty or social deprivation (Farmer and Owen, 2005). Brophy et al (2003) study concluded that many black African parents, saw state intervention in parenting as a complete anathema and distrust.., especially where they have immigrated from countries in political turmoil and with no child welfare services (Bernard Gupta, 2008 p.481). Arguably social work intervention in child maltreatment or abuse cases seems to contradict Section 17 of the Children Act, as recent research reveals high levels of satisfaction amongst parents and children receiving social welfare services compare to those families drawn into child protection (Tunstill and Aldgate, 2000). The relationship between social work mission with regard to poverty and the type of social work practice poses a dilemma for social workers. The refocusing initiative of social work practice, as defined by Platt (2006), in child abuse cases may benefit families living in extreme poverty, only when social work interventions aim at promoting social change in families. Thus, social welfare interventions promote and empower families with financial difficulties and who also suffer social exclusion to develop appropriate parental behaviours and skill that encourage proper child care (Monnickendam and Monnickendam, 2009). 2.3 Poverty and Parenting Practices Poverty among many black African families affects the physical and emotional developments of African children living anywhere in the world. Poverty may influence parents behaviours and capabilities to provide for their families the basic needs of life. Bernard Gupta (2008) study highlights the limited attention given to child-rearing practices of African families in child welfare research in the UK. Different child-rearing practices exist in different cultures, but there is just one kind of child-rearing practice that is considered normal. Many research findings point out to the fact that poverty- related parenting practices influence the lives of many African children involved in the child protection system. Thus, Child (1999) comments that when differences in child-rearing and ethnicity are explored the black family is often pathologized and their strengths ignored. For instance black African families are too strict and beat their children or tend to punish their children in a mor e punitive way. Therefore according to Chand (1999) discipline is one area where African families are found to be over-represented in the child protection system. It is important, that social workers redirect attention from child protection interventions to the provision of preventative to support families in need. Shor (2000) argue that the relationship between values and child upbringing patterns illuminates the relationship between poverty and parenting behaviours, as parents from low social class differ in terms of the values they uphold for their children. Shor (2000) also argue that there is correlation between black African mothers with low income status using a more authoritarian approach of caring for their children than mothers with high income status. Thus, according to Fontes (2005), many traditional immigrant families may use an authoritative style of parenting, demanding total obedience and respect from their children, although this parental behaviour may not necessari ly constitute child abuse, but may contravene the norms of the land, and bring such parents to the attention of the child protection system. It is therefore paramount for social work professionals working with black African families living in the UK to develop the requisite knowledge and skills, not only across diverse cultures but understanding the affect of poverty and social exclusion on parental behaviours and capabilities. Poverty tends to breed a kind of parenting practices that make children experience unpleasant devastating lifestyle because their parents hardly can afford to care for them. Even where it is evident that a child has suffered significant harm and the child need to be removed from the family, the style of intervention process deploy by the social work team should be such that it empowers the affected families to develop new coping skills and behaviours for future parenting. It is therefore paramount for social workers to have some knowledge and understand the d iversity of parenting practices that exist in contemporary social work practice so as to discern unacceptable behaviours from unacceptable behaviours. The consequences of misconstruing what behaviour is unacceptable may either draw more black African children and their families into the child protection system or undermine the commitment by social workers to safeguard vulnerable children from the risk of significant harm. 2.4 The Government Regulatory Policies In the early 1990s there was an enormous government effort to develop and promote policies which challenge the influence of a child protection culture on management and social work practice, which has been perceived as distorting the balance of service provision to children and families (Spratt and Callan, 2004). The refocusing initiative necessitated the shift in social work practice from what appeared to be an overly child protection perspective towards a child welfare orientation in the United Kingdom (Platt, 2006). According to Platt (2006) the advocacy for a shift in social work practice from an overly focus child protection work perspective towards a child welfare practice shows a gradual move towards poverty alleviation among poor families living in the UK. Both Parton(1995) and Pelton (1998) research supports the need to overcome pertinent obstacles in the manner social work is practice to achieve social change at family or community levels, and emphasised the failure of the child-care systems attempt to manage child protection risks and meet the needs of children and their families. However, the governments policy as stated in the 1989 Children Act aims to integrate child protection and child welfare services. According to Platt (2006) many children who are subjects of section 47 investigations are also eligible for services as children in need. To reinstate public trust, the government have redefined the primary duties of local authorities within the context of the 1989 Children Act so as to safeguard and provide services needed by poor children by conducting initial assessments, rather than child protection investigations in borderline cases. This policy implementation has become possible by procedural adjustments to other legislative guidance such as Working Together to Safeguard Children and the subsequent implementation of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Platt, 2006). The mid-1990s saw a growing consensus that many children who are subjects of Section 47 investigations due to alleged abuse or neglect are also eligible for services as children in need as in Section 17 of the 1989 Children Act (Platt, 2006). Often, Platt (2006) reckoned such children do not receive welfare services because local authority social work overly focuses on child protection rather than family support oriented services. In view of the refocusing initiative social workers have the legislative backing to approach families alleged of border-line child abuse to use the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families as guidance with a view to finding appropriate social work intervention practice that may address the needs of these children. In the UK the legislation on children welfare recommends all referrals of child abuse cases must initially be offered a comprehensive child in need assessment except in emergency cases or where it is suspected that a chi ld is suffering from significant harm (Platt, 2006). The Children Act (1989) is the main government legislation aiming to revolutionise social work practice and proceedings concerning the welfare of children in the UK. The Act considers the primary responsibility of child-rearing to rests with families and therefore, children interests will be served best by supporting them to grow up with their own family. Also the Children Act (1989) help harmonise family autonomy and to enable families to exercise their parental responsibilities without unnecessary state interference and for the state to support and protect children only where parents are failing to meet their children needs (www.dvon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010). Under the Children Act 1989, local authorities have a general duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in need within their area. The legislation requires local authorities to assess a childs developmental needs so as to promote their welfare, and by doing so children are supported t o live with their families (www.dvon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010). In the contrary Section 47 requires local authority to investigate when there is reasonable cause to suspect that a child is suffering, or is likely to suffer significant harm. The investigation will include an objective of the needs of the child, including the risk of abuse and need for protection, as well as the familys ability to meet those needs (www.devon.gov.uk/child-protection-procedures accessed 09/01/2010). Thus, social workers need to make judgements in child abuse cases on how to intervene so that children do not continue to leave in dangerous and risky situations or of removing children unnecessarily from their family. The dilemma of striking the right balance between child protection and child welfare services in child abuse cases is for social workers to base their judgement on pragmatic assessment of the needs of the children and the parental capability to cater for their children needs According to Spratt and Callan (2004) the Department of Health guidance documents Working Together to Safeguard Children and The Assessment Framework have been paralleled by initiatives to provide a steer on the direction of contemporary social work practice. CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL WORK PRACTICES In social work practice, it is important for social workers to base their work on theoretical assumptions, whether they are aware of them or not (Munro, 1998). This theoretical framework guides social workers in deciding who or what should be the primary focus of assessment or intervention and, as well as the objectives and the processes of social work practice (Healy, 2005). Many other writers like Fook et al (2000), who are of the view that social workers need to use theories in their work practice, also emphasized why social workers should develop the capacity to identify, use and develop social work theory in their practice (Healy, 2005). Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to deal with poverty and its consequential problems. Many researchers link social work practice to the ideology of charity work, but in a broader perspective social work embraces both the preventative and protective aspect of vulnerable people within society (www.globalvision.org Accessed on 1 4/12/2009). The term social work practice usually describes work undertaken with individuals, families, groups and communities. In the history of British social work practice, the term encompasses the use of social work knowledge and skills within the framework of social care organisation so as to enhance the provision of services and practice which is consistent with the BASW Codes of Practice. This concept of social work practice promotes protection, safeguarding and social inclusion and provides life opportunities for people using social work services. In the code of ethics, it is emphasise that for social work practice to be successful, social work agencies must work effectively with other affiliated organisations such as the police service, health service, and education service so as to promote children welfare (www.basw.co.uk/ accessed 01/02/2010). In the vast majority of instances social work practice is a collaborative activity not an individual activity whether as social worker employee or an independent social worker. Social work practice aims at changing peoples behaviours in the manner that will p rovide life options for people and to facilitate easy transitions of life situations (Smale et al, 2000). Social work is a demanding profession which is based on a body of values, knowledge, skills and personal attributes, and requires the commitment of social workers to continually upgrade their knowledge and skills in their field of practice. The International Federation of Social Workers states that: Social work bases its methodology on a systematic body of evidence-based knowledge derived from research and practice evaluation, including local and indigenous knowledge specific to its context. It recognizes the complexity of interactions between human beings and their environment, and the capacity of people both to be affected by and to alter the multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial factors. The social work profession draws on theories of human development and behaviour and social systems to analyse complex situations and to facilitate individual, organizational, social and cultural changes (www.ifsw.org accessed 14/01/2010 p.1). According Graham (1999) the history of African heritage in the development of social welfare and social work is found in the recesses of British history but it remains largely unacknowledged and sparsely documented as social work continues to be steeped in the professional milieu of an existing ethnocentric knowledge base and value system (p.263). Research evidence (Graham, 1999) shows that social work practice within the black African community in the UK has emerged out of concerns about the well-being of children and families whose experience of enslavement and servitude necessitated efforts to improve their life conditions. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work (CCETSW) recognises that the effects of racism on black African people are incompatible with the values of social work and therefore seeks to combat racist practices in all areas of its responsibilities (CCETSW, 1996). Dominelli (2002) advocates for anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory social work practice to delineate oppression and racism which breed some of the social problems that affect traditional social work target populations. Earlier research by Platt (1999) shows an increasing awareness among social workers that the traditional social work models are not effective in addressing the needs of African people in the UK. However, the current social work theory and practice which is founded on ethnocentric value systems, lack the necessary resources to address the needs of African families and their children. It is therefore pertinent for social work practice to be designed to reflect other diverse views and cultural values, particularly African families and their children who are more open to surveillance, as they also show high level of poverty. 3.1 Contemporary Social Work Practices It was not until the mid twentieth century when the International Federation of Social Workers, defined the core aim of social work to be alleviation poverty, liberating vulnerable and oppressed people with the ultimate aim to promote social inclusion (Horner, 2003). The Modernisation agenda introduced by the Labour government in 1997 set the foundation for the concept of collaboration and partnership to be established between professions and services. Following up to this, the concept of partnership and collaboration have become a working document for social work practice and underpin long term planning (Whittington, 2003). Crisp et al (2003) also found that when social workers engage with other inter-professional and multi-agency practice, it promotes prospect for common grounds with other professions, and the potential for professional differences to be recognised and negotiated. In contemporary social work practice, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) code of ethics emphasizes the importance for social workers to understand the centrality of relationships as an important vehicle for social change. Social workers are encouraged to engage service users as partners in helping them to attain the needed change. Most research shows that social work assessment and intervention are inherent features of contemporary practice in social work services. Social work assessment represents the entry of a systematic approach to establish a mutual relationship between a social worker and service users. Social work practice is characterised by the new balance in the relationship between the state and the family as social workers remain responsible for managing child protection risks and providing child welfare services within an integrated system. In Spratt and Callan (2004) study it is realised that the balance between safeguarding and promoting welfare services for children in need who are living with their families in the UK has not yet been achieved as set out in the government policy developments. Lord Lamings Report on the death of Victoria Climbie lead to the publication of the document, Every Child Matters, which set the priority for children not only to be protected from significant harm but to be safeguarded and their welfare promoted (Parton, 2006). A study paper published by the Department of Health (2001) indicates that many families regardless of their ethnicity and religion, struggle to bring up their children in conditions of poverty and social exclusions. Social exclusions and poverty make it extremely difficult for many African families to develop the appropriate parenting skills needed for proper child-rearing, and sometimes may overshadow child maltreatment. Pierce Bozalek (2004) suggest that many African families seeking asylum or migrated to the UK are unfamiliar with the British child protection system, as similar state systems do not exist in Africa, and therefore find the systems intimidating and unfriendly. Brophy et al (2003) argued that poverty among black African families may affect the development of many African children and their parents capacity to provide for them. It is therefore paramount that poverty is considered fully understand by social work professionals during the initial assessment of families i nvolved in alleged child abuse cases. Platt (1999) argued that the refocusing of social work intervention is a result of increasing number of child protection allegations referred into the system, and the proportion of cases leading to social work interventions. This type of intervention draws a large number of children into the child protection system compared to children who are subject to further welfare procedures. In the context of social work practices, it is important to consider the effectiveness of the child protection system, as it seems to achieve as much as could be expected in terms of the limited aim of preventing further abuse to identifiable vulnerable children. Social workers role may be considered as facilitating or empowering service users but, specialised skills and knowledge are needed to identify problems with families and their children involve in child protection and also to find sound interventions that would bring about the necessary social change. Crisp et al (2003) states that social work assessment involves collecting and analysing information about people with the aim of understanding their situation and determining recommendations for any further professional intervention (p.3). Monnickendam Monnikendam (2009) argue that the fundamental dilemma facing contemporary social work practice is the extent and manner to commit to social welfare policy or the extent to direct its efforts primarily to the poor and needy. Arguably social work practice that engage in social welfare policy tends to address poverty through macro-level intervention which aims at promoting social change, but social work practices aiming at individual families living in poverty result in poverty alleviation by assisting those in need to develop better lifestyle strategies. Thus, Monnickendam Monnikendam (2009) research shows that the aim of social work practice in attaining social change and dealing with poverty is hardly attainable only by micro practice. Henceforth the relationship between the mission of social work with regard to poverty and the type of social work intervention needed to protect and safeguard children from further abuse becomes a difficult challenge for social workers. .